{"id":20953,"date":"2026-07-28T16:06:23","date_gmt":"2026-07-28T14:06:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/avocat-e-commerce\/"},"modified":"2026-07-29T08:45:45","modified_gmt":"2026-07-29T06:45:45","slug":"e-commerce-law","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/e-commerce-law\/","title":{"rendered":"E-commerce lawyers in Paris"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-873194c3\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-c289977d\">\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover\" style=\"min-height:430px;aspect-ratio:unset;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"1024\" class=\"wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-20516 lazyload\" alt=\"E-commerce lawyers in Paris\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/smush-webp\/2026\/07\/ChatGPT-Image-2-juil.-2026-15_55_55.png.webp\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1536px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1536\/1024;object-position:55% 50%\" data-object-fit=\"cover\" data-object-position=\"55% 50%\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/smush-webp\/2026\/07\/ChatGPT-Image-2-juil.-2026-15_55_55.png.webp 1536w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/smush-webp\/2026\/07\/ChatGPT-Image-2-juil.-2026-15_55_55-300x200.png.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/smush-webp\/2026\/07\/ChatGPT-Image-2-juil.-2026-15_55_55-1024x683.png.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/smush-webp\/2026\/07\/ChatGPT-Image-2-juil.-2026-15_55_55-768x512.png.webp 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim-50 has-background-dim\" style=\"background-color:#01615a\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-62d80722\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-490d46df\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-490d46df\"><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-6ac37bbc\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-6ac37bbc\">\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading has-base-3-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-277d63c6e6a4ce5e739b02087de7de5d\" style=\"font-size:50px\"><strong>E-commerce lawyers in Paris<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-961dd949\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-961dd949\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-3f7a7ebd\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-0bfcaff8\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ff6c3598\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ff6c3598\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-e8549fa1\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-e8549fa1\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Domains of expertise &gt; <strong><span style=\"color: #d3c0a9;\">E-commerce law<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-c73ccf9e\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-0b4507c5a8604aa4e7b0e03441807def wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#707070\"><strong>Are you launching or rebuilding an online store, adding a subscription offer, opening a marketplace or expanding sales outside France? Bouchara &amp; Avocats assists you, in France and internationally, in securing your checkout journeys, your contracts and your data processing, while protecting your trade mark, your domain name, your photographs, your product pages and your digital creations.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Would you like your website audited, your checkout journey brought into compliance or your interests defended online?<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-a5440565\">\n\n<p class=\"has-base-3-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-c7b7571b9e6bf42d9cb5bf76ddc3215f wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/contact\/\"><strong>Speak to an e-commerce lawyer<\/strong> <img decoding=\"async\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-25.svg\" alt=\"\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 25px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 25\/25;\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec1intro1\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-0a039479ed1a9cb72eb09af916bab15a wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><strong>A firm recognised by the leading legal directories: Chambers &middot; Legal 500 &middot; D&eacute;cideurs &middot; Lexology Index.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-9c05c92e\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-9c05c92e\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-3c773e03 nos-services\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-ed8c7610\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-79b81d0c\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-79b81d0c\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-967c31b2\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-967c31b2\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-b7030556b75ae86444f3003716caad7c\" style=\"color:#1a4454\">Our <strong>e-commerce law services<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We act for businesses that sell online, whatever their channel: on their own website, on a marketplace, or by operating a platform themselves.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-c97be535\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-c97be535\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec01sec\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-ec01grd\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec01sl\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec01sl\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec01mid\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec01mid\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-ec01ing\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec01ca\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec01ca\">\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-7f79179e383c75ebaaaeffa6b67c7bb3\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>Legal audit and compliance of the online store<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec01cb\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec01cb\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We review your distance selling journey against consumer law, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/digital-law\/\">digital law<\/a> and the rules applying to your business model. An audit is not limited to reading the terms and conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We examine how your website actually works, together with the various customer touchpoints:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>product pages and price display;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>forms and account creation;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>basket, order and payment;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>delivery, returns and refunds;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>cookies and personal data processing;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>contracts with suppliers.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Depending on the scope of the engagement, our work can include a risk map, annotations of the checkout journey, a prioritised remediation plan and the updating of your documents. Our lawyers can also coordinate the fixes with your web agency, your IT department, marketing or your DPO.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Finally, we assist businesses facing an inspection by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.economie.gouv.fr\/dgccrf\/les-fiches-pratiques\/e-commerce-les-regles-entre-professionnels-et-consommateurs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DGCCRF<\/a> (the French consumer protection authority) into their website, their checkout journey, their promotions or their commercial practices.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec01sr\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec01sr\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec02sec\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-ec02grd\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec02sl\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec02sl\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec02mid\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec02mid\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-ec02ing\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec02ca\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec02ca\">\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-61aff5b9bcd10e6570e86407423e84d5\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>Terms of sale, terms of use, legal notices and commercial contracts<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec02cb\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec02cb\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We draft or update the documents that suit your company&rsquo;s model:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/lexicon\/general-terms-and-conditions-of-sale-gtcs\/\">B2C and B2B terms of sale<\/a>;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>terms of use and legal notices;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>subscription terms;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>terms applying to marketplace sellers and buyers;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>distribution and affiliate agreements;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>agreements with agencies and suppliers;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>influencer and content creation agreements.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The rules are not the same depending on whether you sell to consumers or exclusively to businesses. In business-to-business relationships, terms of sale must in particular set out payment terms and how the price is determined. Once established, they form the basis of the commercial negotiation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We also include the provisions essential to protecting your digital assets: terms of use for content, rights in user contributions, resellers&rsquo; obligations, controls on data extraction and intellectual property clauses.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec02sr\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec02sr\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec03sec\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-ec03grd\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec03sl\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec03sl\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec03mid\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec03mid\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-ec03ing\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec03ca\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec03ca\">\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-03e088108250996af1f07c8ed100b210\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>GDPR, data protection and digital marketing<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec03cb\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec03cb\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We analyse each processing operation linked to customer accounts, orders, loyalty programmes, abandoned baskets, analytics tools and prospecting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Our advice covers in particular the legal bases, the information provided to individuals, cookies, contracts with processors, retention periods and transfers of data outside the European Union.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Our work can include an audit and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/rgpd-and-data-protection\/\">GDPR compliance<\/a> for your website, CRM and marketing tools. We also act in the event of a CNIL inspection, a data subject request or a data breach.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec03sr\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec03sr\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec04sec\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-ec04grd\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec04sl\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec04sl\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec04mid\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec04mid\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-ec04ing\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec04ca\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec04ca\">\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-0d36a5cd2e1949c6a49434f8cac86234\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>Protecting trade marks, content and digital assets<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec04cb\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec04cb\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We assist businesses to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>run prior rights searches and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/trademark-law\/\">file trade marks<\/a> with the INPI, the EUIPO or through the international route;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>protect their <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/domain-name-law\/\">domain names<\/a>;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>set the legal framework for the creation of the website by suppliers;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>secure the rights in photographs, videos and graphic works;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>review the protection of databases;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>organise the monitoring of trade marks and content;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>act against online infringements.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Paying an invoice does not, in itself, transfer all the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/intellectual-property-law\/\">intellectual property rights<\/a> in works created by an agency, a photographer or a designer. Where an assignment is required, the rights transferred and the scope of their exploitation must be precisely defined, in particular as to their extent, purpose, territory and duration.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec04sr\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec04sr\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec05sec\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-ec05grd\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec05sl\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec05sl\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec05mid\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec05mid\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-ec05ing\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec05ca\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec05ca\">\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-5d7293b5e67d5792a9574f3df9952889\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>Marketplaces, dispute management, takedowns and litigation<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec05cb\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec05cb\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Where a dispute arises with a marketplace, a seller, a supplier or a payment service provider, we act in an advisory capacity, in pre-litigation and before the competent courts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Our work may concern in particular:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>the sale of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/avocat-contrefacon\/\">counterfeit goods<\/a>;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>unauthorised use of a trade mark;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>copying of photographs or product pages;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>suspension of a seller account;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>withholding of funds or de-listing of offers;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>disputed changes to the platform&rsquo;s terms;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>recovery of a domain name;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>acts of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/unfair-competition\/\">unfair competition or free-riding<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Depending on the situation, we can organise the preservation of evidence, activate the platform&rsquo;s internal procedures, send a cease-and-desist letter or bring out-of-court or court proceedings. Our work can also include customs detention or an infringement seizure.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec05sr\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec05sr\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec06sec\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-ec06grd\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec06sl\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec06sl\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec06mid\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec06mid\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-ec06ing\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec06ca\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec06ca\">\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-00b80d633d1c77a9767a21d9581f55ec\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>Promotions, advertising and influencer marketing<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec06cb\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec06cb\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We check that promotional and advertising practices are compliant: price reductions, private sales, prize draws, product claims, customer reviews, affiliate campaigns and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/influence-digital-and-social-networks\/\">influencer partnerships<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Our lawyers also secure the rights in your photographs, videos, music, trade marks and other content used or created in those campaigns.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec06sr\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec06sr\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-4420147f\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-7974254d marginauto\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-a80dc6ed\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ff7688d2\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ff7688d2 valign-column\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-e9751a6c\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-9d8597a2\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading white has-base-3-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-03004ac506014f010cdfee7f7663de56\"><strong>E-commerce matters we have handled<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-5e0949d0\">\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Defending two retailers in a dispute over photographs published online<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bouchara &amp; Avocats defended two fashion retailers accused by a photographer of continuing to use his photographs on their websites and digital archives after the assigned rights had expired. The firm challenged the evidential value of the internet reports produced and showed that the material did not establish unlawful use. The Paris Court of Appeal upheld the dismissal of the infringement and contractual liability claims.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Recovering a domain name used for a fake online store<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bouchara &amp; Avocats represented a French brand in UDRP proceedings targeting a domain name combining its trade mark with the words &laquo;&nbsp;online&nbsp;&raquo; and &laquo;&nbsp;sale&nbsp;&raquo;. The website reproduced its logo, its content and purported products so as to present itself as an official store of the brand. WIPO found a likelihood of confusion, no legitimate interest on the part of the holder and bad faith use, and ordered the transfer of the domain name to the brand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Injunction against the online sale of an infringing design<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After finding that a coat reproducing one of its designs was being sold in stores and on several websites, a fashion brand brought proceedings with Bouchara &amp; Avocats based on <a style=\"color:#d3c0a9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/literary-and-artistic-property-law\/\">copyright<\/a> and on <a style=\"color:#d3c0a9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/designs-and-models\/\">unregistered Community design rights<\/a>. The Paris Court found infringement, prohibited further sales subject to a daily penalty and awarded damages for commercial and moral prejudice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Defending an online store blocked after an infringement report<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bouchara &amp; Avocats defended an online retailer whose website had been blocked after a third party reported an alleged trade mark infringement to its host. The firm showed that the company held licence agreements authorising it to sell the products concerned. The Paris Judicial Court dismissed the infringement claims, held that the report which had caused the site to be blocked was wrongful, and awarded damages for disparagement.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ac387c14\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ac387c14\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full max461\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1150\" height=\"1965\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Fichier-13@2x.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1854 lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1150px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1150\/1965;object-fit:cover\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Fichier-13@2x.png 1150w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Fichier-13@2x-176x300.png 176w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Fichier-13@2x-599x1024.png 599w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Fichier-13@2x-768x1312.png 768w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Fichier-13@2x-899x1536.png 899w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1150px) 100vw, 1150px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec07sec\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-ec07grd\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec07sl\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec07sl\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec07mid\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec07mid\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-1d58db44e3ac670d2caf25d6dec6e328\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><strong>Recognised expertise in the legal issues of e-commerce<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec07txt\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bouchara &amp; Avocats is recognised by several leading French and international directories for its expertise in platform law, data protection, advertising and intellectual property. That recognition reflects a practice directly engaged in securing e-commerce operations and defending brands against online infringements.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-ec07cards\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec07c0\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec07c0\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:15px\"><strong><span style=\"color: #1a4454;\">Chambers France 2026 &mdash; Intellectual Property: Trade Mark &amp; Copyright<\/span><\/strong><br>Vanessa Bouchara &mdash; Band 2, thirteen years in the rankings.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec07c1\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec07c1\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:15px\"><strong><span style=\"color: #1a4454;\">Legal 500 EMEA 2026 &mdash; France &mdash; Intellectual Property: Copyright<br>Legal 500 EMEA 2026 &mdash; France &mdash; Intellectual Property: Trade Marks and Designs<\/span><\/strong><br>Bouchara &amp; Avocats &mdash; Tier 2.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec07c2\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec07c2\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:15px\"><strong><span style=\"color: #1a4454;\">D&eacute;cideurs | Leaders League &mdash; Troph&eacute;es du Droit 2026, Trade mark law category<\/span><\/strong><br>Bouchara &amp; Avocats &mdash; Winner.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec07c3\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec07c3\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:15px\"><strong><span style=\"color: #1a4454;\">D&eacute;cideurs | Leaders League 2026<\/span><\/strong><br>&laquo;&nbsp;Strong reputation&nbsp;&raquo; &mdash; Digital platforms and applications law.<br>&laquo;&nbsp;Highly recommended&nbsp;&raquo; &mdash; Trade marks: litigation.<br>&laquo;&nbsp;Strong reputation&nbsp;&raquo; &mdash; Data law and cybersecurity.<br>&laquo;&nbsp;Renowned practice&nbsp;&raquo; &mdash; Advertising and marketing law.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec07c4\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec07c4\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:15px\"><strong><span style=\"color: #1a4454;\">IP STARS &mdash; Managing IP 2026<\/span><\/strong><br>Bouchara &amp; Avocats &mdash; Copyright &amp; related rights, Other Notable Firms.<br>Bouchara &amp; Avocats &mdash; Trusted Talent Firms, Intellectual Property.<br>Vanessa Bouchara &mdash; Trade Mark Star.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec07c5\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec07c5\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:15px\"><strong><span style=\"color: #1a4454;\">Lexology Index &mdash; formerly Who&rsquo;s Who Legal<\/span><\/strong><br>Vanessa Bouchara &mdash; Thought Leader, France &mdash; IP: Trademarks.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec07c6\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec07c6\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:15px\"><strong><span style=\"color: #1a4454;\">Best Law Firms in France 2026<\/span><\/strong><br>Bouchara &amp; Avocats &mdash; Paris Tier 3, Intellectual Property Law.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec07sr\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec07sr\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec08sec\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-ec08grd\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec08sl\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec08sl\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec08mid\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec08mid\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-c3656abc724568e6f516e7ef6e009b18\" style=\"color:#1a4454\">Which <strong>rules apply to your e-commerce business?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec08txt\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The applicable rules depend on what you sell, who your customers are, the channel you use and the countries you sell into. Those choices then determine the documents you need, the information you must display and the steps to build into the checkout journey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-ebf067660eedd4e846e72462f2ec5f74\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>You sell to consumers<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pre-contractual information, the total price, payment, delivery, guarantees, mediation and the right of withdrawal must all be built into the journey. The essential information must appear before the order is placed: complete terms of sale do not make up for an incomplete product page or basket.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Where a contract subject to the right of withdrawal is concluded online, the trader must also provide a free functionality allowing the consumer to exercise that right (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044563193\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">articles L. 221-21<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000053303365\/2026-09-08\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">D. 221-5 of the French Consumer Code<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-561235c98e2a70f9f7dc2c1eb478e791\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>You sell to businesses<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Your terms of sale must deal with prices, payment periods, liability, intellectual property and termination. If your site also addresses consumers, the documents and the journeys must be clearly separated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-6de1fc4e089e416310b3f13826669b39\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>You offer a subscription<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The length of the commitment, the payment frequency, renewal and the cancellation conditions must be presented before sign-up. That information must appear in the journey, in the terms of sale and in the communications sent to the customer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-e0c08e2b004d9671486ed503eb730fef\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>You sell physical goods<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Product pages must comply with the applicable safety, traceability and information rules. In dropshipping, direct shipping by the supplier does not relieve the seller of its obligations towards the consumer (<a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2023\/988\/oj?locale=fr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Regulation (EU) 2023\/988 on general product safety<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-dc3cf4097be62441dbf1cc57f018b63e\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>You sell on a marketplace<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The platform&rsquo;s terms govern listing, commissions, payments, access to data and the grounds for suspension. A decision affecting an account or an offer must be examined against those terms and, where it applies, against the <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:32019R1150\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Platform to Business Regulation<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-7806cce04a1197839f84c9f4d6535910\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>You operate a marketplace<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Roles must be clearly allocated between the platform, the sellers, the buyers and the payment or logistics providers. The <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/FR\/legal-content\/summary\/digital-services-act.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DSA<\/a> also imposes transparency, notice-and-action and seller traceability obligations.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec08call\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-7dfbd13ab5511346206dcb3c20b74e7e wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><strong>A marketplace&rsquo;s liability depends on the role it actually plays<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Where it merely hosts third-party sellers&rsquo; offers, a marketplace benefits from a limited liability regime: it is liable for unlawful content only if it is notified and fails to act. If, however, it takes a more active role (presenting the products as its own, managing stock, shipping or customer service), it may incur liability. In <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/ALL\/?uri=CELEX:62021CJ0148\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Louboutin v Amazon<\/em> of 22 December 2022<\/a>, the Court of Justice of the European Union accepted that a platform could be regarded as itself using a trade mark where its presentation gives the impression that it is selling the product in its own name.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec08txt2\">\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-a5462a9f139ed6409bcb3e277fb8cf51\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>You sell in several European countries<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Beware: French terms of sale are not always enough. Even where your terms are governed by French law, consumers in another Member State keep the mandatory protections of their own country&rsquo;s law where your activity is directed to that State. The checkout journey, the guarantees, the returns and the product-specific rules must therefore be checked market by market (<a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX%3A32008R0593\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">article 6 of the Rome I Regulation on consumer contracts<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A single business can combine several of these models. The journeys and the documents must then be adapted to each category of customer and each sales channel.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec08sr\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec08sr\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec09sec\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-ec09grd\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec09sl\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec09sl\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec09mid\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec09mid\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-416fadf3d1c6536b42d335d21bfc8a8d\" style=\"color:#1a4454\">The <strong>key compliance points of an online store<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-ec09cards\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec09c0\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec09c0\">\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-59ca160673cb9d1063946f5c51026955\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>The product page and the presentation of the offer<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:16px\">The customer must understand what they are buying, at what price and on what terms. The essential characteristics, availability, delivery times, any warnings and the total price must be clearly displayed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:16px\">Price reductions and customer reviews are also subject to precise rules: any announcement of a reduction must in principle state the prior price, being the lowest price applied over the preceding thirty days (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044549592\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">article L. 112-1-1 of the French Consumer Code<\/a>). How reviews are collected and published must also be transparent.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec09c1\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec09c1\">\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-c3972715bcea4410f14c189b41e8cfcf\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>The basket, the order and payment<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:16px\">Before paying, the customer must be able to check their order, correct any error and see the total amount due. The confirmation button must state clearly that placing the order entails an obligation to pay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:16px\">The terms of sale must be accessible before confirmation, and the main contractual information must be capable of being retained after the purchase.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec09c2\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec09c2\">\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-0a70aafc91ad97a4b38ac3c639b0f46a\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>Accessibility of the checkout journey<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:16px\">The e-commerce services concerned must meet accessibility requirements across the whole user journey, subject to certain exemptions for micro-enterprises (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000048180184\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">articles D. 412-50<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000048180389\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">D. 412-57 of the French Consumer Code<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec09c3\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec09c3\">\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-017d1c76536db71cae460ba758b8af02\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>Delivery, returns and after-sales service<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:16px\">Delivery times, return costs and guarantees must be presented before the order. It is also important to distinguish the right of withdrawal, the statutory guarantee of conformity and your own commercial returns policy, which are governed by different rules.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec09c4\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec09c4\">\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-f4383bc2c6553119c45d51ad8572c2bf\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>Consumer mediation<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:16px\">If you sell to consumers, you must allow them free recourse to a mediator and display the mediator&rsquo;s details on your website and in your contractual documents. References to the former European online dispute resolution platform must now be removed from terms of sale and page footers.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec09c5\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec09c5\">\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-a0b6a8f13ecd01ea73bba0099fcb6db1\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>Data and marketing activity<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:16px\">A customer account, a loyalty programme, an abandoned basket, analytics and personalised advertising are all distinct processing operations. For each one, you must determine the legal basis, the information to be provided, the retention period and which providers have access to the data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:16px\">The cookie banner must therefore match the tools actually installed on the site, rather than following a generic template.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec09sr\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec09sr\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec10sec\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-ec10grd\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec10sl\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec10sl\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec10mid\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec10mid\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-c5ddef6fdccd22787a916d0ff2ebb673\" style=\"color:#1a4454\">Protect <strong>your trade mark, your creations and your domain name<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec10txt\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An e-commerce business rests on several assets protected in different ways. A registered trade mark can support action against certain unauthorised uses of an identical or similar sign. Photographs, texts and graphic works may attract copyright if they are original, while the appearance of a product may be protected as a design where the statutory conditions are met.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/lexicon\/domain-name\/\">domain name<\/a> does not have the same effects as an intellectual property right, but it may nonetheless constitute an earlier asset and be the subject of recovery proceedings.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-9554b6c83ad505473ed328851254c35e\" style=\"color:#1a4454\">Are you launching a website, challenging a suspension or <strong>facing an infringement of your rights?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec10cta\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-1a45fa460757de0c8f11161d2fda016a wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><strong>To secure your online store and protect your intangible assets, our team is at your disposal.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec10btn\">\n\n<p class=\"has-base-3-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-dad3d1b1d262d4a07cc9900f3d487605 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/contact\/\"><strong>Contact our team<\/strong> <img decoding=\"async\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-25.svg\" alt=\"\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 25px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 25\/25;\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<iframe data-src=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/maps\/embed?pb=!1m18!1m12!1m3!1d2624.3403448683143!2d2.3055189767565687!3d48.87078809983363!2m3!1f0!2f0!3f0!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1!3m3!1m2!1s0x47e66fc2c574e895%3A0x3447abd0380ba507!2sBouchara%20%26%20Avocats%20-%20Avocats%20droit%20des%20marques%20et%20propri%C3%A9t%C3%A9%20intellectuelle!5e0!3m2!1sfr!2sfr!4v1784107626501!5m2!1sfr!2sfr\" width=\"100%\" height=\"450\" style=\"border:0;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" src=\"about:blank\" class=\"lazyload\" data-load-mode=\"0\"><\/iframe><br><br>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec10sr\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec10sr\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-7bdc0f40 team\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-c15b61c3\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-2dd88fd9\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-2dd88fd9\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-58622d95\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-58622d95\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-c3bc1da989811abf71ef566b90e1c592\" style=\"color:#1a4454\">Intellectual Property Lawyers <span style=\"font-weight: 200;\"><strong>Team<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-defd13e7\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-defd13e7\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-73196bbc\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-286aca43\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-4f162a59\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-4f162a59\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-a882f3c7\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-a882f3c7\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-27d77866\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-a36d5767\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-a36d5767\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full hover-image hover-vanessa\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"752\" height=\"1000\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Vanessa-vert-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3453 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Vanessa-vert-1.png 752w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Vanessa-vert-1-226x300.png 226w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 752px) 100vw, 752px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 752px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 752\/1000;\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-6bae38ed\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-4ed88a5b7c6d37b3324d5e9ffb7a6de8 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/vanessa-bouchara\/\"><strong>Vanessa Bouchara<\/strong><\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/vanessa-bouchara\/\">Founding partner<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ecdd04cd\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ecdd04cd\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full hover-image hover-adele\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"751\" height=\"1000\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Ade\u0300le-MAIER-beige-2-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3518 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Ade\u0300le-MAIER-beige-2-1.png 751w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Ade\u0300le-MAIER-beige-2-1-225x300.png 225w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 751px) 100vw, 751px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 751px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 751\/1000;\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-6e37d879\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-4d1b7e16\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-d8263a22fff74530d7610c436cc3c190 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/adele-maier\/\"><strong>Adele Maier<\/strong><\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/our-team\/\">Partner<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-5c50e03f\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-5c50e03f\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full hover-image hover-louise\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"751\" height=\"1000\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Louise-LACROIX-vert-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3473 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Louise-LACROIX-vert-1.png 751w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Louise-LACROIX-vert-1-225x300.png 225w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 751px) 100vw, 751px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 751px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 751\/1000;\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-b4130add\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-795dbbad\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-b40b4d879ff378db2ae5f1569ae91993 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/en\/louise-lacroix\/\"><strong>Louise Lacroix<\/strong><\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/louise-lacroix\/\">Partner<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-5164331e\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-5164331e\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full hover-image hover-claire\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1086\" height=\"1448\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/smush-webp\/2026\/07\/ChatGPT-Image-6-juil.-2026-18_31_54.png.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-20651 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/smush-webp\/2026\/07\/ChatGPT-Image-6-juil.-2026-18_31_54.png.webp 1086w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/smush-webp\/2026\/07\/ChatGPT-Image-6-juil.-2026-18_31_54-225x300.png.webp 225w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/smush-webp\/2026\/07\/ChatGPT-Image-6-juil.-2026-18_31_54-768x1024.png.webp 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1086px) 100vw, 1086px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1086px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1086\/1448;\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-93a281d4\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-db38e8d3\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-93c7da6017e03a8055e19c45c60ea8a4 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><strong>Kelly Brakha<\/strong><br>Lawyer<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-1c4fe355\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-1c4fe355\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-c912b48a\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-93db65e8\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-e0dcc2e7\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-e0dcc2e7\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-53aa7dc8\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-53aa7dc8\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-e2940a9a\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-b0865a28\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-b0865a28\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full hover-image hover-gerard\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"376\" height=\"500\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/gerardv.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-14006 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/gerardv.png 376w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/gerardv-226x300.png 226w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 376px) 100vw, 376px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 376px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 376\/500;\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-10eaebf7\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-14ec59d4\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-68b709a353c299f44c005a5c90628200 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/gerard-gabriel\/\"><strong>G\u00e9rard-Gabriel Lamoureux<\/strong><\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/gerard-gabriel\/\">of counsel<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-4c84e5d1\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-4c84e5d1\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-182f0f07\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-182f0f07\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-4c7f2c81\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-4c7f2c81\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-25652ab5\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-25652ab5\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-bfaeac4d team\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-fdab8ee9\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-2e382848\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-25c332e3\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-25c332e3\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-32f959ca\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-32f959ca\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-8ed1e23d92d8d29a3cdd903b25cfcda5\" style=\"color:#1a4454\">Brand <span style=\"font-weight: 200;\"><strong>Service<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-955df2d9\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-955df2d9\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-35897499\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-a52e6d5a\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-0f00fbe3\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-0f00fbe3\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-9a980df3\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-9a980df3\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-1c4725b7\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-fde077dd\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-fde077dd\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full hover-image hover-heta\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"751\" height=\"1000\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Heta-SACKO-vert-1-min.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3496 lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 751px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 751\/1000;object-fit:cover\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Heta-SACKO-vert-1-min.png 751w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Heta-SACKO-vert-1-min-225x300.png 225w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 751px) 100vw, 751px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-80f75d6e\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-8414f5c4\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-7472234c30c8bea4d935426695793f2f wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/heta-sacko\/\"><strong>H\u00e9ta Sacko<\/strong><\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/heta-sacko\/\">Trademark Manager<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-d5b05c1d\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-d5b05c1d\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full hover-image hover-milena\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"751\" height=\"1000\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Milena-KOLEV-beige-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3531 lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 751px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 751\/1000;object-fit:cover\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Milena-KOLEV-beige-1.png 751w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Milena-KOLEV-beige-1-225x300.png 225w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 751px) 100vw, 751px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-e0c2d306\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-c95b24e2\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-b8d2956819c324889035dc46f6201d0c wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/milena-kolev\/\"><strong>Milena Kolev<\/strong><\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/milena-kolev\/\">Trademark Assistant<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-eb6bc136\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-eb6bc136\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full hover-image hover-alexia\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"751\" height=\"1000\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/alexia21.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-19219 lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 751px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 751\/1000;object-fit:cover\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/alexia21.png 751w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/alexia21-225x300.png 225w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 751px) 100vw, 751px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-fb3a1b58\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-0dab3a04\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-adff035aec6bd5a7f2371972ed80dae6 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><strong>Alexia Vincent<\/strong><br>Lawyer<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-becaf52d\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-becaf52d\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-648969af\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full hover-image hover-christelle\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1086\" height=\"1448\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/smush-webp\/2026\/07\/ChatGPT-Image-6-juil.-2026-18_50_37.png.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-20657 lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1086px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1086\/1448;object-fit:cover\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/smush-webp\/2026\/07\/ChatGPT-Image-6-juil.-2026-18_50_37.png.webp 1086w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/smush-webp\/2026\/07\/ChatGPT-Image-6-juil.-2026-18_50_37-225x300.png.webp 225w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/smush-webp\/2026\/07\/ChatGPT-Image-6-juil.-2026-18_50_37-768x1024.png.webp 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1086px) 100vw, 1086px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-76492d4c\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-c0a295dcdce2d4f6ea8df0b41b9470ba wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><strong>Tehillah-Claire Lumande Nogaro<\/strong><br>Trademark Assistant<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-39978756\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-39978756\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec11sec\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-ec11grd\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec11sl\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec11sl\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec11mid\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec11mid\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-71f040bcb2e61015cceea3c412aa4bec\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><strong>Frequently asked questions<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec11txt\">\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-0faa4d849141646c01e7dec11a4ef269\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>Which obligations apply to dropshipping and physical products?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The seller remains liable to the consumer for delivery and for the conformity of the product, even where it is shipped directly by a supplier. It must also check the safety information, the traceability of the product and the identity of the responsible economic operator where that is required.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The European general product safety regulation also strengthens the obligations relating to distance offers and marketplaces.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-e8a04537ed7f545c10680de9cc14c6d6\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>What should you do to report an infringement to a marketplace?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Before reporting the listing, you should first preserve useful evidence and identify the seller. A screenshot may be enough to alert the platform, but not always enough to bring a claim. We therefore secure the evidence before choosing the most appropriate route: a report, a cease-and-desist letter, customs action or infringement proceedings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-20e3e64c04df571e8e49cf5ad12c513b\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>Can I display a struck-through price during sales or a promotion?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yes, provided the reduction is calculated from the correct reference price. That is in principle the lowest price applied by the seller over the thirty days preceding the announcement of the reduction, including during sale periods. A price artificially raised before the operation, or never actually applied, may amount to a misleading commercial practice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-85f9cca708bc244c6acc642012d54ad4\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>What should you check before selling or acquiring an e-commerce business?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The due diligence should cover in particular the domain name, the software, the photographs, the customer database, the contracts with suppliers and service providers, the marketplace accounts, the stock and the intellectual property licences and assignments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Transferring an online business does not automatically allow all customer data or all content to be reused. The lawfulness of the transfer, the information given to individuals and the chain of title must be checked before the documents are drawn up.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-87f413bd5b6312b61d7951e011fb3389\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>A competitor has bought my trade mark as an advertising keyword: is that allowed?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Buying a competitor&rsquo;s trade mark as a keyword is not, in itself, prohibited. What matters is the content of the advertisement displayed. It becomes objectionable where internet users cannot readily tell whether the offer comes from the trade mark owner, from an undertaking connected to it, or from an independent competitor. The wording of the advertisement and the page it links to must therefore be examined case by case: if they create confusion as to the origin of the goods or services, the use may be actionable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-4e52a84d5d619c5d08630e6dbcaed647\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>Can the DGCCRF inspect me without notice?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yes. The DGCCRF can inspect a website, attend the company&rsquo;s premises or request documents without prior notice. For an online retailer, its checks may cover the checkout journey, prices, promotions, customer reviews, product claims and consumer information.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-5ca0d98cefd058ba22ee6da49d09408d\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>What can you do if a supplier abruptly stops supplying you?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">You should first examine the contract, the volumes concerned, the notice given and the reason for the termination. Where a commercial relationship is terminated, even partially, without sufficient written notice, the party responsible may incur liability, save in cases of breach of contract or force majeure. Acting quickly makes it possible to preserve the evidence, negotiate temporary continuity and assess the available remedies (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038414278\/2019-04-26\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">article L. 442-1, II of the French Commercial Code<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-212494863ea0d991ad9b81de06a2da46\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>What can you do if a payment provider freezes the funds of an online store?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The first step is to identify the reason for the freeze and check the applicable terms: identity verification, fraud risk, chargebacks, the constitution of a reserve or an activity treated as prohibited. Order, delivery and refund records should be assembled before sending a structured challenge to the provider. Depending on the urgency and the cash-flow impact, a cease-and-desist letter or court proceedings may be considered.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ec11sr\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ec11sr\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-3f2de77f\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-a2530a40\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-95c119aa\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-35c00ae3\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-35c00ae3\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-c126b248\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-c126b248\">\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-932dfc8f\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-932dfc8f\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-a2530a40\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-95c119aa\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-35c00ae3\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-35c00ae3\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-c126b248\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-c126b248\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-3ff76232b4d8d58213196f96389413e0\" style=\"color:#1a4454\">Areas&nbsp;<strong>of focus<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-932dfc8f\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-932dfc8f\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-4184a84b\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-a0cc954a\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dea781a4\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dea781a4\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-9cf48f29\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-c38968bd\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-c38968bd\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-8.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-880 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-bdcefc4d\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-bdcefc4d\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-76f7f92a2227b5e0b278a8b601b02303 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/unfair-competition\/\">UNFAIR COMPETITION<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-57e51240\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-57e51240\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-6bd7a673\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-e77f2aeb\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-e77f2aeb\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-8.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-880 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px;height:auto\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-9c6b9fcb\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-9c6b9fcb\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-485c02bb440cdfaa04d5abe500523bb9 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/trademark-law\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1008\">TRADEMARKS<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-9e0c7c66\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-62d7fec9\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-62d7fec9\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-83b17ad7\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-d55de8f5\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-d55de8f5\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Fichier-2.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1928 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px;height:auto\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-a4fe662a\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-a4fe662a\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-8b9af268783b130204ee34a5b7b81902 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/industrial-property-law\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1872\">INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-00aac516\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-00aac516\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-841cbe4f\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-59efd0f2\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-59efd0f2\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-1.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-871 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-5ee284fc\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-5ee284fc\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-656af3791af98c2d652a9df6374eaba0 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/digital-law\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1851\">DIGITAL LAW<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-a18d283a\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-a04781e7\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-a04781e7\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-1c43f3e6\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-f51409b1\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-f51409b1\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-3.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-874 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-a938e860\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-a938e860\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-835871e49b9aa010757ee64a9d85d6f4 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/designs-and-models\/\">DESIGNS<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-408dc6e6\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-408dc6e6\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-01edc7c0\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-5429fea9\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-5429fea9\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-3.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-874 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px;height:auto\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-91d4df81\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-91d4df81\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-19ab3d428e129f0d17a7b76909bb6360 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/literary-and-artistic-property-law\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1878\">LITERARY AND ARTISTIC PROPERTY<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-6fd07591\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-9bb3939a\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-9bb3939a\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-b4c27dd7\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-258a509b\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-258a509b\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-4.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-876 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-6dbb1141\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-6dbb1141\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-aa32f53d676cea5a4bd010d2338571d4 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/copyright\/\">COPYRIGHTS<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-778a051f\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-778a051f\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-312a887e\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-99b1ce02\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-99b1ce02\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-4.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-876 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-aadf7887\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-aadf7887\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-2c524b790023b7fb59131cba638f606f wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/advertising-law\/\">ADVERTISING<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-92f3c93c\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-d1d4b039\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-d1d4b039\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-2d68fd8b\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ac358f94\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ac358f94\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-5.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-877 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-912f8aba\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-912f8aba\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-f755f99a282c9d15a08cd4bc040cd685 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/intellectual-property-law\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"6923\">INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-88fa0a29\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-88fa0a29\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-3eab33bf\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-1916bba3\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-1916bba3\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-5.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-877 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-66150fa5\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-66150fa5\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-e690d999281b4506305c893d71889a08 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/rgpd-and-data-protection\/\">GDPR &amp; PERSONAL DATA<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-a68e0105\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-19b01442\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-19b01442\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-bc1822f5\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-81cab2bb\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-81cab2bb\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-49747f0c\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-49747f0c\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-9683fbca\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-9683fbca\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-67e0763f\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-33307d38\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-33307d38\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-5.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-877 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-0422467f\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-0422467f\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-3c8f00669d64582cd0024da13d5b3f53 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/entertainment-media\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1872\">ENTERTAINMENT &amp; MEDIA<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-enrow0\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en00c\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en00c\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-en00g\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en00i\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en00i\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-8.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-880 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en00t\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en00t\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-d67b190df90f9e4fccd02addab5aa057 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/e-commerce-law\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"20953\">E-COMMERCE<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en01c\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en01c\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-en01g\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en01i\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en01i\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-8.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-880 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en01t\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en01t\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-a91ed94f761a6a78609995e287667573 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/trade-secrets-law\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"20954\">TRADE SECRETS<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-enrow1\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en10c\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en10c\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-en10g\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en10i\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en10i\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-1.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-871 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en10t\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en10t\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-52434409a0adce0bc1a75f4f5d7ebeb7 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/domain-name-law\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"20956\">DOMAIN NAMES<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en11c\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en11c\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-en11g\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en11i\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en11i\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-1.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-871 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en11t\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en11t\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-289c4bb6f280ec2490261ae90e493ab2 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/image-rights-law\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"20958\">IMAGE RIGHTS<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-enrow2\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en20c\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en20c\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-en20g\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en20i\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en20i\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-3.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-874 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en20t\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en20t\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-c5a1d18b584a773b1ba037a5b165524b wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/commercial-disparagement\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"20960\">COMMERCIAL DISPARAGEMENT<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en21c\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en21c\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-en21g\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en21i\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en21i\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-3.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-874 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en21t\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en21t\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-df35bae7b4ba294fcb39ee03d7cc9ea5 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/patent-law\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"20962\">PATENTS<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-enrow3\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en30c\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en30c\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-en30g\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en30i\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en30i\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-4.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-876 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en30t\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en30t\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-3ae8feaaa74ea6dd82536748cd037cca wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/software-and-database-law\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"20964\">SOFTWARE &amp; DATABASES<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en31c\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en31c\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-20953","page","type-page","status-publish"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20953","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=20953"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20953\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":20990,"href":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20953\/revisions\/20990"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=20953"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}