{"id":20954,"date":"2026-07-28T16:48:40","date_gmt":"2026-07-28T14:48:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/avocat-secret-des-affaires\/"},"modified":"2026-07-29T08:38:09","modified_gmt":"2026-07-29T06:38:09","slug":"trade-secrets-law","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/trade-secrets-law\/","title":{"rendered":"Trade secrets lawyers in Paris"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-873194c3\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-c289977d\">\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover\" style=\"min-height:430px;aspect-ratio:unset;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"1024\" class=\"wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-20492 lazyload\" alt=\"Trade secrets lawyers in Paris\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/smush-webp\/2026\/07\/ChatGPT-Image-2-juil.-2026-15_13_09.png.webp\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1536px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1536\/1024;object-position:50% 50%\" data-object-fit=\"cover\" data-object-position=\"50% 50%\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/smush-webp\/2026\/07\/ChatGPT-Image-2-juil.-2026-15_13_09.png.webp 1536w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/smush-webp\/2026\/07\/ChatGPT-Image-2-juil.-2026-15_13_09-300x200.png.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/smush-webp\/2026\/07\/ChatGPT-Image-2-juil.-2026-15_13_09-1024x683.png.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/smush-webp\/2026\/07\/ChatGPT-Image-2-juil.-2026-15_13_09-768x512.png.webp 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim-50 has-background-dim\" style=\"background-color:#01615a\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-62d80722\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-490d46df\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-490d46df\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-6ac37bbc\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-6ac37bbc\">\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading has-base-3-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-a23a88810d8f6908280c738d9ab2fda4\" style=\"font-size:50px\"><strong>Trade secrets lawyers in Paris<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-961dd949\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-961dd949\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-3f7a7ebd\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-0bfcaff8\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ff6c3598\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ff6c3598\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-e8549fa1\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-e8549fa1\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Domains of expertise &gt; <strong><span style=\"color: #d3c0a9;\">Trade secrets<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-c73ccf9e\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-f0e3e3ed0b9f605524182c0214841b94 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#707070\"><strong>An employee leaving, a data room opening, a technology partnership or the use of an artificial intelligence tool can expose in a matter of hours files, processes or know-how built up over many years.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Our trade secrets lawyers help you prevent those risks and respond where copying, disclosure or unauthorised use is suspected.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Would you like to secure strategic information or act against a misappropriation?<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa-cta-46\">\n\n<p class=\"has-base-3-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-dad3d1b1d262d4a07cc9900f3d487605 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/contact\/\"><strong>Contact our team<\/strong> <img decoding=\"async\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-25.svg\" alt=\"\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 25px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 25\/25;\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa-baseline\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-17a43a747f62d83049442dfaf442e120 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><strong>Advisory work and litigation &middot; Expertise in intellectual property and new technologies &middot; Instructions in France and internationally &middot; A firm recognised by Chambers, Legal 500 and D&eacute;cideurs<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-9c05c92e\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-9c05c92e\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-3c773e03 nos-services\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-ed8c7610\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-79b81d0c\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-79b81d0c\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-967c31b2\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-967c31b2\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-58acf0b0a85498b9a1390b1c8843dd5a\" style=\"color:#1a4454\">Our <strong>trade secrets services<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bouchara &amp; Avocats helps companies identify their sensitive assets, secure how they circulate and defend their interests in the event of a leak or misappropriation.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-c97be535\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-c97be535\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa01sec\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-sa01grd\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-sa01sl\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa01sl\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-sa01mid\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa01mid\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-sa01ing\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-sa01ca\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa01ca\">\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-14a85e40105704a3ab6be350b5e72239\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>Identifying and organising the protection of sensitive information<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-sa01cb\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa01cb\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Not all internal information warrants the same level of protection. Our lawyers analyse the data, documents, processes and know-how whose disclosure could affect the value of the business or its competitive advantage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">That audit makes it possible in particular:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>to define precisely which information is sensitive;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>to analyse how it circulates internally and with third parties;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>to assess the existing legal, organisational and technical measures;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>to define the priority actions to be implemented.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The aim is to build a targeted and workable framework, rather than labelling every document &laquo;&nbsp;confidential&nbsp;&raquo; indiscriminately.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-sa01sr\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa01sr\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa02sec\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-sa02grd\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-sa02sl\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa02sl\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-sa02mid\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa02mid\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-sa02ing\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-sa02ca\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa02ca\">\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-8b13c32f14a68299807e1e5c72b51dbe\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>Securing transactions and strategic relationships<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-sa02cb\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa02cb\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A fundraising round, a disposal, an industrial partnership, a research project or a technology transfer very often requires sensitive information to be shared with investors, partners or suppliers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The firm drafts and negotiates non-disclosure agreements, confidentiality and non-use clauses, collaboration agreements and the documentation governing data rooms. Our lawyers define with you the scope of the information disclosed, the permitted uses, the authorised individuals and the treatment of copies or of results developed during the relationship.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-sa02sr\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa02sr\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa03sec\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-sa03grd\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-sa03sl\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa03sl\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-sa03mid\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa03mid\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-sa03ing\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-sa03ca\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa03ca\">\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-c7fcdcbcfff71537419f84888fb14401\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>Managing the risks linked to teams and digital tools<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-sa03cb\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa03cb\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Changes of role, departures of employees or directors, and the end of an assignment are particularly sensitive moments. The firm adapts the relevant clauses and internal procedures, organises the return of materials and assists with revoking access and reminding people of the commitments that survive the end of the relationship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">That framework also covers cloud platforms, collaboration tools and artificial intelligence solutions. Our lawyers analyse the terms of use and define which tools are permitted, which uses are acceptable and which categories of data must not be uploaded.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These measures must remain proportionate and cannot prevent a former employee from using their experience or general skills.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-sa03sr\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa03sr\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa04sec\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-sa04grd\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-sa04sl\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa04sl\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-sa04mid\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa04mid\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-sa04ing\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-sa04ca\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa04ca\">\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-14dfefd5e39103397c3460a747e91433\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>Responding to a leak, a copy or a misappropriation<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-sa04cb\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa04cb\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Where file extraction, disclosure or unauthorised use is suspected, our lawyers assess the urgency, identify the material to be preserved and define an appropriate strategy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Depending on the situation, the firm can in particular:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>coordinate the preservation of digital evidence;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>send a cease-and-desist letter and open negotiations;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>apply for an evidence-gathering measure or urgent relief;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>bring proceedings on the merits to stop the use and obtain compensation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The firm also acts in defence where a company is accused of having taken the files, methods or know-how of a competitor, a former employer, a partner or a supplier.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-sa04sr\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa04sr\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa05sec\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-sa05grd\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-sa05sl\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa05sl\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-sa05mid\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa05mid\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-0f8f28cd2583273d7985664be26f5262\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><strong>Recognised expertise<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa05txt\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bouchara &amp; Avocats is regularly recognised for its expertise in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/intellectual-property-law\/\">intellectual property<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/digital-law\/\">digital law<\/a> and litigation.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-sa05cards\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-sa05c0\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa05c0\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:15px\"><strong><span style=\"color: #1a4454;\">Chambers France 2026 &mdash; Intellectual Property: Trade Mark &amp; Copyright<\/span><\/strong><br>Vanessa Bouchara &mdash; Band 2.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-sa05c1\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa05c1\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:15px\"><strong><span style=\"color: #1a4454;\">Legal 500 EMEA 2026 &mdash; France &mdash; Intellectual Property<\/span><\/strong><br>Bouchara &amp; Avocats &mdash; Trade Marks and Designs, Tier 2.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-sa05c2\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa05c2\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:15px\"><strong><span style=\"color: #1a4454;\">D&eacute;cideurs | Leaders League 2026<\/span><\/strong><br>&laquo;&nbsp;Highly recommended&nbsp;&raquo; &mdash; Trade marks: litigation.<br>&laquo;&nbsp;Strong reputation&nbsp;&raquo; &mdash; Data law and cybersecurity.<br>&laquo;&nbsp;Strong reputation&nbsp;&raquo; &mdash; Digital platforms and applications law.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa-cta-292\">\n\n<p class=\"has-base-3-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-b18cefe006998cceefbaba133baca757 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/awards-rankings\/\"><strong>See our awards and rankings<\/strong> <img decoding=\"async\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-25.svg\" alt=\"\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 25px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 25\/25;\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-sa05sr\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa05sr\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-4420147f\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-7974254d marginauto\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-a80dc6ed\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ff7688d2\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ff7688d2 valign-column\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-e9751a6c\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-9d8597a2\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading white has-base-3-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-c8ecfd55da3cc646cd11944c1a2e7b80\"><strong>Case studies and how the firm assists<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-5e0949d0\">\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Data had been downloaded before an employee left<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A company discovered that a sales representative had copied its customer database, its pricing and several documents relating to ongoing negotiations before joining a competitor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The difficulty lay in distinguishing normal activity linked to his role from an extraction intended for later reuse. The firm organised the preservation of the digital evidence, analysed the contractual commitments and brought proceedings before the Paris Judicial Court.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The proceedings secured an order stopping the use of the files and requiring the return of the materials.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>An industrial partnership had to be secured before the first trials<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A company had to share a process, test results and technical documentation with a partner in order to develop a new product.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The risk related as much to the reuse of existing knowledge as to the ownership of future results. The firm drafted the non-disclosure agreement, distinguished each party&rsquo;s contributions and set out the conditions under which the documents could be reviewed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The project was able to start with a contractual framework agreed before the first sensitive exchange.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>A competitor was using non-public documents and know-how<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A company discovered that a competitor was using a commercial method and several materials that had been given to a former supplier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The firm identified the material concerned, traced the origin of the disclosure and assembled the evidence needed to bring a claim. Proceedings were issued to stop the disputed use and to seek compensation for the loss suffered.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ac387c14\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ac387c14\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full max461\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1150\" height=\"1965\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Fichier-13@2x.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1854 lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1150px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1150\/1965;object-fit:cover\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Fichier-13@2x.png 1150w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Fichier-13@2x-176x300.png 176w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Fichier-13@2x-599x1024.png 599w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Fichier-13@2x-768x1312.png 768w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Fichier-13@2x-899x1536.png 899w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1150px) 100vw, 1150px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa06sec\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-sa06grd\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-sa06sl\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa06sl\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-sa06mid\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa06mid\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-ff760a88e4ab11619f19bdbff3693c03\" style=\"color:#1a4454\">Can your information be <strong>protected as a trade secret?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa06txt\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trade secret protection is set out in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037266553\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">articles L. 151-1 et seq. of the French Commercial Code<\/a>. That regime stems from the Act of 30 July 2018, which transposed <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:32016L0943\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">EU Directive 2016\/943<\/a> into French law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It can cover in particular:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>know-how and processes;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>code, algorithms and technical data;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>customer and supplier files;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>prices, margins and commercial terms;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>strategies, studies and launch plans;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>negotiations and financial transactions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source code, interfaces and certain documentation may also attract <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/literary-and-artistic-property-law\/\">copyright<\/a>, provided its own conditions are met.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-f7ea9cebc8f58f67a4c757a5bdcd9875\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>The three conditions laid down by the Commercial Code<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To qualify for protection, information must satisfy three cumulative conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table tableau-bouchara\"><table><thead><tr><th>Condition<\/th><th>What you must be able to establish<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>It must be secret<\/td><td>The information is not generally known or readily accessible to persons familiar with this type of information in the sector concerned.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>It must have commercial value<\/td><td>It has actual or potential value precisely because it remains secret.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>It must be subject to reasonable protective measures<\/td><td>Its holder has taken appropriate steps to restrict access to it, its use and its disclosure.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-375d83259762b588b1c897546df62993\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>How do you assess your own position?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A number of questions help identify the points to examine:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Can the information be identified precisely?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Is it public or readily accessible within the sector?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Would its disclosure cost you an economic advantage?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Are the authorised individuals clearly identified?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Can the company prove the measures applied before the incident?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This checklist is a first indicator. The legal characterisation nonetheless depends on a concrete analysis of the nature of the information, how it circulates and the precautions actually applied.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-724b809fdd3e843e99f5b059ee7776ce\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>Which measures must you be able to demonstrate?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Protection does not rest on a single formality or document. The measures must be suited to the sensitivity of the information, to the organisation of the business and to the number of people who legitimately need access.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table tableau-bouchara\"><table><thead><tr><th>Type of measure<\/th><th>Examples<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Legal measures<\/td><td>NDAs, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/lexicon\/privacy\/\">confidentiality clauses<\/a>, non-use obligations, licences and return procedures<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Organisational measures<\/td><td>Document classification, an access matrix, the need-to-know principle and leaver procedures<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Technical measures<\/td><td>Individual accounts, strong authentication, restricted access, encryption and connection logs<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Evidential measures<\/td><td>Signed contracts, access histories, proof of transmissions, audits, training and internal procedures<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The framework must remain usable by the teams. A policy that is too general or too restrictive, and is not applied in practice, risks having limited evidential value.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-d647d7290bfd60ed84d6136ecb58783f\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>Why is marking a document &laquo;&nbsp;confidential&nbsp;&raquo; not always enough?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An NDA or a &laquo;&nbsp;confidential&nbsp;&raquo; marking is a useful precaution, but it is not always sufficient. The court also looks at how the documents actually circulated, the access rights, the technical measures used and whether the internal procedures were genuinely applied.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-sa06sr\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa06sr\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa07sec\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-sa07grd\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-sa07sl\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa07sl\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-sa07mid\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa07mid\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-c5bc3b774c4539f4f5f0e9dd3d7c25ea\" style=\"color:#1a4454\">Leak or misappropriation: <strong>what should you do in the first hours and days?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa07txt\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The first decisions can be decisive. Hastily deleting accounts, altering equipment or making a direct accusation can compromise the preservation of evidence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-f7e6867a5ce429ac465546c5f93db90d\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>Preserving evidence before taking any action<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">You should generally:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>preserve the traces before changing any access rights or equipment;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>keep the computers, phones, mailboxes and connection logs concerned;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>draw up a timeline;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>identify the files and recipients concerned;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>limit internal discussion to those who need to know.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A report by a judicial commissioner or a forensic IT analysis can capture the downloads, transfers, connections or exchanges at issue. Where the material is held by the suspected author, an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/lexicon\/request-145\/\">investigative measure<\/a> can be applied for under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006410268\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">article 145 of the French Code of Civil Procedure<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-57bb1a73e0539eb8d6a034e3c33955d3\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>Stopping the infringement and obtaining compensation<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Depending on the urgency and the available evidence, the firm can open negotiations, send a cease-and-desist letter or apply for interim measures to stop the use or disclosure of the information (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/section_lc\/LEGITEXT000005634379\/LEGISCTA000037266583\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">French Commercial Code, articles L. 152-3 and L. 152-4<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Proceedings on the merits can then secure final measures and compensation for the losses sustained, the lost profits, the loss of opportunity or the profits made from the infringement. Depending on the circumstances, the claim may also be based on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/unfair-competition\/\">unfair competition<\/a> or free-riding, where distinct conduct can be established.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-0651df6462b597b7896ea92f8f5ffcba\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>Preserving secrecy during the proceedings<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Court proceedings must not lead to a further disclosure of the information at issue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The court may in particular:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>restrict access to certain documents;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>require a non-confidential or redacted version;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>limit their review to a restricted number of people;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>adapt the reasoning or the publication of its decision.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Anyone with access to a document regarded as covered, or liable to be covered, by trade secrecy is subject to a duty of confidentiality (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/loda\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037266607\/2020-09-20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">French Commercial Code, article L. 153-2<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A claim for infringement of a trade secret is time-barred five years from the day the legitimate holder knew, or ought to have known, of the last event giving rise to it. Acting quickly nonetheless remains essential where evidence is at risk of disappearing or the information continues to circulate.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa07call\">\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-1a042c4eaeb018e002b1ec0835629908\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>Do you suspect copying or disclosure?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Have the evidence to be preserved and the first steps to take assessed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-86f9c9c628816fb1b516f4cfef62ec72 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/contact\/\"><strong>Report an urgent situation<\/strong> <img decoding=\"async\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-25.svg\" alt=\"\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 25px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 25\/25;\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-sa07sr\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa07sr\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa08sec\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-sa08grd\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-sa08sl\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa08sl\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-sa08mid\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa08mid\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-69db7cb671967bd7d6e5a087c1619afa\" style=\"color:#1a4454\">Trade secret or patent: <strong>how do you decide?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa08txt\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A patent and a trade secret do not produce the same effects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table tableau-bouchara\"><table><thead><tr><th>Criterion<\/th><th>Trade secret<\/th><th>Patent<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Disclosure<\/td><td>The information must remain confidential<\/td><td>The invention is published<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Scope of protection<\/td><td>No monopoly against a lawful independent discovery<\/td><td>An exclusive right within the scope of the patent<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Duration<\/td><td>For as long as the conditions for protection are met<\/td><td>Up to twenty years, subject to the applicable conditions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Best suited to<\/td><td>A process that is hard to observe or reverse-engineer<\/td><td>An innovation that is visible or easily reproduced<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Secrecy offers no protection against an independent discovery or creation. Certain acts of observation, study, disassembly or testing may also be lawful, subject to the applicable contractual commitments (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037266559\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">French Commercial Code, article L. 151-3<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The two strategies can be combined. The firm analyses in particular the patentability of the innovation, how easily it can be reproduced, how long it will retain value, the territories concerned and the company&rsquo;s ability to maintain genuine confidentiality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">That decision forms part of a broader <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/industrial-property-law\/\">industrial property<\/a> strategy, which may combine patents, contractual confidentiality and the preservation of know-how.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-sa08sr\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa08sr\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa09sec\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-sa09grd\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-sa09sl\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa09sl\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-sa09mid\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa09mid\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-27e5d2445e86822bfb384b450886d4b5\" style=\"color:#1a4454\">Would you like to protect your information or <strong>respond to an infringement?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa09txt\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-6d080a04c6255207c874a74dd36c6a35 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><strong>To stop the conduct at issue, find a solution or defend your interests, our team is at your disposal.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa-cta-672\">\n\n<p class=\"has-base-3-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-dad3d1b1d262d4a07cc9900f3d487605 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/contact\/\"><strong>Contact our team<\/strong> <img decoding=\"async\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-25.svg\" alt=\"\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 25px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 25\/25;\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<iframe data-src=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/maps\/embed?pb=!1m18!1m12!1m3!1d2624.3403448683143!2d2.3055189767565687!3d48.87078809983363!2m3!1f0!2f0!3f0!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1!3m3!1m2!1s0x47e66fc2c574e895%3A0x3447abd0380ba507!2sBouchara%20%26%20Avocats%20-%20Avocats%20droit%20des%20marques%20et%20propri%C3%A9t%C3%A9%20intellectuelle!5e0!3m2!1sfr!2sfr!4v1784107626501!5m2!1sfr!2sfr\" width=\"100%\" height=\"450\" style=\"border:0;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" src=\"about:blank\" class=\"lazyload\" data-load-mode=\"0\"><\/iframe><br><br>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-sa09sr\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa09sr\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-7bdc0f40 team\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-c15b61c3\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-2dd88fd9\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-2dd88fd9\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-58622d95\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-58622d95\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-c3bc1da989811abf71ef566b90e1c592\" style=\"color:#1a4454\">Intellectual Property Lawyers <span style=\"font-weight: 200;\"><strong>Team<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-defd13e7\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-defd13e7\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-73196bbc\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-286aca43\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-4f162a59\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-4f162a59\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-a882f3c7\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-a882f3c7\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-27d77866\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-a36d5767\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-a36d5767\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full hover-image hover-vanessa\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"752\" height=\"1000\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Vanessa-vert-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3453 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Vanessa-vert-1.png 752w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Vanessa-vert-1-226x300.png 226w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 752px) 100vw, 752px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 752px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 752\/1000;\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-6bae38ed\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-4ed88a5b7c6d37b3324d5e9ffb7a6de8 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/vanessa-bouchara\/\"><strong>Vanessa Bouchara<\/strong><\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/vanessa-bouchara\/\">Founding partner<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ecdd04cd\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ecdd04cd\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full hover-image hover-adele\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"751\" height=\"1000\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Ade\u0300le-MAIER-beige-2-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3518 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Ade\u0300le-MAIER-beige-2-1.png 751w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Ade\u0300le-MAIER-beige-2-1-225x300.png 225w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 751px) 100vw, 751px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 751px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 751\/1000;\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-6e37d879\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-4d1b7e16\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-d8263a22fff74530d7610c436cc3c190 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/adele-maier\/\"><strong>Adele Maier<\/strong><\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/our-team\/\">Partner<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-5c50e03f\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-5c50e03f\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full hover-image hover-louise\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"751\" height=\"1000\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Louise-LACROIX-vert-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3473 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Louise-LACROIX-vert-1.png 751w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Louise-LACROIX-vert-1-225x300.png 225w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 751px) 100vw, 751px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 751px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 751\/1000;\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-b4130add\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-795dbbad\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-b40b4d879ff378db2ae5f1569ae91993 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/en\/louise-lacroix\/\"><strong>Louise Lacroix<\/strong><\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/louise-lacroix\/\">Partner<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-5164331e\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-5164331e\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full hover-image hover-claire\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1086\" height=\"1448\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/smush-webp\/2026\/07\/ChatGPT-Image-6-juil.-2026-18_31_54.png.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-20651 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/smush-webp\/2026\/07\/ChatGPT-Image-6-juil.-2026-18_31_54.png.webp 1086w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/smush-webp\/2026\/07\/ChatGPT-Image-6-juil.-2026-18_31_54-225x300.png.webp 225w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/smush-webp\/2026\/07\/ChatGPT-Image-6-juil.-2026-18_31_54-768x1024.png.webp 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1086px) 100vw, 1086px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1086px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1086\/1448;\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-93a281d4\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-db38e8d3\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-93c7da6017e03a8055e19c45c60ea8a4 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><strong>Kelly Brakha<\/strong><br>Lawyer<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-1c4fe355\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-1c4fe355\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-c912b48a\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-93db65e8\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-e0dcc2e7\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-e0dcc2e7\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-53aa7dc8\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-53aa7dc8\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-e2940a9a\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-b0865a28\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-b0865a28\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full hover-image hover-gerard\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"376\" height=\"500\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/gerardv.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-14006 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/gerardv.png 376w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/gerardv-226x300.png 226w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 376px) 100vw, 376px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 376px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 376\/500;\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-10eaebf7\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-14ec59d4\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-68b709a353c299f44c005a5c90628200 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/gerard-gabriel\/\"><strong>G\u00e9rard-Gabriel Lamoureux<\/strong><\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/gerard-gabriel\/\">of counsel<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-4c84e5d1\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-4c84e5d1\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-182f0f07\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-182f0f07\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-4c7f2c81\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-4c7f2c81\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-25652ab5\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-25652ab5\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa10sec\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-sa10grd\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-sa10sl\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa10sl\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-sa10mid\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa10mid\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-bc9e8f7aa93888c395415d259f7c46d0\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><strong>FAQ<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa10txt\">\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-c075d9a5940a930450e6e7861f3cf22c\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>Is an NDA signed after a first disclosure still useful?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yes. It can govern future exchanges and specify what happens to the documents already shared. It cannot, however, retrospectively undo a disclosure made without a contractual framework. It is therefore better to sign it before the first sensitive exchange, and to describe precisely what was disclosed beforehand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-1b4e3a5383990fd600beab85a3126cc2\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>Can know-how be assigned or licensed?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yes. Know-how can be the subject of an assignment, a licence, a franchise agreement or a technology transfer. The contract must define precisely what is being transferred, the permitted uses, the authorised individuals and the obligations that apply after the relationship ends.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-edcf0ef32c1965266e85b9d8890df60a\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>Can trade secrecy be relied on against a whistleblower?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trade secrecy cannot be invoked systematically to prevent a report. In particular, it cannot be relied on where the disclosure is made in good faith, in order to protect the general interest and to reveal unlawful activity, a wrongdoing or improper conduct, under the conditions laid down by the whistleblower regime. Unlawful disclosure must therefore be distinguished from a report that benefits from legal protection (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037266573\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">French Commercial Code, article L. 151-8<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-sa10sr\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-sa10sr\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-3f2de77f\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-a2530a40\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-95c119aa\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-35c00ae3\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-35c00ae3\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-c126b248\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-c126b248\">\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-932dfc8f\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-932dfc8f\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-a2530a40\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-95c119aa\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-35c00ae3\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-35c00ae3\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-c126b248\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-c126b248\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-3ff76232b4d8d58213196f96389413e0\" style=\"color:#1a4454\">Areas&nbsp;<strong>of focus<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-932dfc8f\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-932dfc8f\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-4184a84b\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-a0cc954a\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dea781a4\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dea781a4\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-9cf48f29\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-c38968bd\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-c38968bd\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-8.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-880 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-bdcefc4d\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-bdcefc4d\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-76f7f92a2227b5e0b278a8b601b02303 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/unfair-competition\/\">UNFAIR COMPETITION<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-57e51240\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-57e51240\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-6bd7a673\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-e77f2aeb\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-e77f2aeb\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-8.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-880 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px;height:auto\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-9c6b9fcb\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-9c6b9fcb\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-485c02bb440cdfaa04d5abe500523bb9 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/trademark-law\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1008\">TRADEMARKS<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-9e0c7c66\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-62d7fec9\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-62d7fec9\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-83b17ad7\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-d55de8f5\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-d55de8f5\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Fichier-2.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1928 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px;height:auto\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-a4fe662a\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-a4fe662a\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-8b9af268783b130204ee34a5b7b81902 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/industrial-property-law\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1872\">INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-00aac516\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-00aac516\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-841cbe4f\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-59efd0f2\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-59efd0f2\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-1.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-871 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-5ee284fc\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-5ee284fc\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-656af3791af98c2d652a9df6374eaba0 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/digital-law\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1851\">DIGITAL LAW<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-a18d283a\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-a04781e7\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-a04781e7\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-1c43f3e6\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-f51409b1\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-f51409b1\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-3.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-874 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-a938e860\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-a938e860\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-835871e49b9aa010757ee64a9d85d6f4 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/designs-and-models\/\">DESIGNS<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-408dc6e6\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-408dc6e6\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-01edc7c0\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-5429fea9\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-5429fea9\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-3.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-874 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px;height:auto\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-91d4df81\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-91d4df81\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-19ab3d428e129f0d17a7b76909bb6360 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/literary-and-artistic-property-law\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1878\">LITERARY AND ARTISTIC PROPERTY<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-6fd07591\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-9bb3939a\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-9bb3939a\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-b4c27dd7\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-258a509b\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-258a509b\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-4.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-876 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-6dbb1141\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-6dbb1141\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-aa32f53d676cea5a4bd010d2338571d4 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/copyright\/\">COPYRIGHTS<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-778a051f\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-778a051f\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-312a887e\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-99b1ce02\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-99b1ce02\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-4.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-876 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-aadf7887\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-aadf7887\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-2c524b790023b7fb59131cba638f606f wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/advertising-law\/\">ADVERTISING<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-92f3c93c\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-d1d4b039\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-d1d4b039\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-2d68fd8b\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ac358f94\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ac358f94\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-5.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-877 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-912f8aba\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-912f8aba\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-f755f99a282c9d15a08cd4bc040cd685 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/intellectual-property-law\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"6923\">INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-88fa0a29\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-88fa0a29\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-3eab33bf\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-1916bba3\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-1916bba3\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-5.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-877 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-66150fa5\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-66150fa5\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-e690d999281b4506305c893d71889a08 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/rgpd-and-data-protection\/\">GDPR &amp; PERSONAL DATA<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-a68e0105\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-19b01442\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-19b01442\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-bc1822f5\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-81cab2bb\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-81cab2bb\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-49747f0c\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-49747f0c\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-9683fbca\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-9683fbca\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-67e0763f\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-33307d38\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-33307d38\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-5.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-877 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-0422467f\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-0422467f\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-3c8f00669d64582cd0024da13d5b3f53 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/entertainment-media\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1872\">ENTERTAINMENT &amp; MEDIA<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-enrow0\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en00c\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en00c\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-en00g\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en00i\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en00i\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-8.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-880 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en00t\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en00t\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-d67b190df90f9e4fccd02addab5aa057 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/e-commerce-law\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"20953\">E-COMMERCE<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en01c\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en01c\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-en01g\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en01i\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en01i\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-8.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-880 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en01t\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en01t\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-a91ed94f761a6a78609995e287667573 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/trade-secrets-law\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"20954\">TRADE SECRETS<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-enrow1\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en10c\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en10c\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-en10g\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en10i\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en10i\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-1.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-871 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en10t\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en10t\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-52434409a0adce0bc1a75f4f5d7ebeb7 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/domain-name-law\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"20956\">DOMAIN NAMES<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en11c\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en11c\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-en11g\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en11i\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en11i\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-1.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-871 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en11t\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en11t\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-289c4bb6f280ec2490261ae90e493ab2 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/image-rights-law\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"20958\">IMAGE RIGHTS<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-enrow2\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en20c\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en20c\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-en20g\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en20i\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en20i\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-3.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-874 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en20t\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en20t\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-c5a1d18b584a773b1ba037a5b165524b wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/commercial-disparagement\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"20960\">COMMERCIAL DISPARAGEMENT<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en21c\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en21c\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-en21g\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en21i\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en21i\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-3.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-874 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en21t\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en21t\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-df35bae7b4ba294fcb39ee03d7cc9ea5 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/patent-law\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"20962\">PATENTS<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-enrow3\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en30c\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en30c\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-en30g\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en30i\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en30i\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-4.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-876 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en30t\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en30t\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-3ae8feaaa74ea6dd82536748cd037cca wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/software-and-database-law\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"20964\">SOFTWARE &amp; DATABASES<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en31c\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en31c\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-20954","page","type-page","status-publish"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20954","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=20954"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20954\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":20988,"href":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20954\/revisions\/20988"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=20954"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}