{"id":20960,"date":"2026-07-28T19:57:16","date_gmt":"2026-07-28T17:57:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/avocat-denigrement\/"},"modified":"2026-07-29T08:22:41","modified_gmt":"2026-07-29T06:22:41","slug":"commercial-disparagement","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/commercial-disparagement\/","title":{"rendered":"Commercial disparagement lawyers in Paris"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-873194c3\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-c289977d\">\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover\" style=\"min-height:430px;aspect-ratio:unset;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"1024\" class=\"wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-20555 lazyload\" alt=\"Commercial disparagement lawyers in Paris\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/smush-webp\/2026\/07\/ChatGPT-Image-2-juil.-2026-17_13_48-1.png.webp\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1536px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1536\/1024;object-position:50% 50%\" data-object-fit=\"cover\" data-object-position=\"50% 50%\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/smush-webp\/2026\/07\/ChatGPT-Image-2-juil.-2026-17_13_48-1.png.webp 1536w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/smush-webp\/2026\/07\/ChatGPT-Image-2-juil.-2026-17_13_48-1-300x200.png.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/smush-webp\/2026\/07\/ChatGPT-Image-2-juil.-2026-17_13_48-1-1024x683.png.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/smush-webp\/2026\/07\/ChatGPT-Image-2-juil.-2026-17_13_48-1-768x512.png.webp 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim-50 has-background-dim\" style=\"background-color:#01615a\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-62d80722\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-490d46df\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-490d46df\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-6ac37bbc\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-6ac37bbc\">\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading has-base-3-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-fe2c27721bd7145f0f89ed7fd35ed69e\" style=\"font-size:50px\"><strong>Commercial disparagement lawyers in Paris<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-961dd949\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-961dd949\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-3f7a7ebd\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-0bfcaff8\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ff6c3598\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ff6c3598\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-e8549fa1\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-e8549fa1\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Domains of expertise &gt; Unfair competition &gt; <strong><span style=\"color: #d3c0a9;\">Disparagement<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-c73ccf9e\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-e6dd1a440280c8778a715f282f514bfe wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#707070\"><strong>Statements questioning the quality, safety, compliance or lawfulness of your products can quickly damage your relationships with customers and distributors. As commercial disparagement lawyers in Paris, Bouchara &amp; Avocats assists companies &mdash; whether they are the victim or the accused &mdash; in characterising the statements, preserving the evidence and defining a strategy, in advisory work as well as in litigation.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The legal characterisation has to be settled quickly. A statement aimed at a product or a service may amount to disparagement, whereas an accusation touching the honour of a company or its director may amount to defamation and be subject to different procedural rules.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To discuss a disparagement situation:<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg-cta-46\">\n\n<p class=\"has-base-3-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-dad3d1b1d262d4a07cc9900f3d487605 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/contact\/\"><strong>Contact our team<\/strong> <img decoding=\"async\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-25.svg\" alt=\"\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 25px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 25\/25;\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg-baseline\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-cb82253bef827e418047bdc4cfa27c17 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><strong>A firm recognised by the leading legal directories for its expertise in intellectual property, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/digital-law\/\">digital law<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/advertising-law\/\">advertising law<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-9c05c92e\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-9c05c92e\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-3c773e03 nos-services\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-ed8c7610\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-79b81d0c\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-79b81d0c\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-967c31b2\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-967c31b2\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-5db07771fa0a4a588b65a7cf989f4332\" style=\"color:#1a4454\">Our <strong>commercial disparagement services<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bouchara &amp; Avocats assists companies, brands, in-house legal teams, distribution networks, platforms and online retailers facing statements liable to discredit their products, their services or their business.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-c97be535\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-c97be535\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg01sec\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-dg01grd\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg01sl\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg01sl\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg01mid\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg01mid\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-dg01ing\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg01ca\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg01ca\">\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-16197663131b329e65ce1fc8c08ceed9\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>Analysing and characterising the statements at issue<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg01cb\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg01cb\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The first step is to identify precisely the nature of the statements and what they target.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The strategy depends first of all on the target of the statements, on their content and on their context. Criticism of the reliability of a product, the compliance of a service or the commercial practices of a company does not necessarily fall under the same regime as an accusation of fraud levelled at a company or its director.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Our lawyers examine in particular:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>the exact wording used;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>what is targeted: a product, a service, a business or a person;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the recipients and the medium;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>whether there is a factual basis;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>how measured the conclusions are;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the effects already observed on commercial relationships.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">That characterisation determines the strategy to be adopted. Commercial disparagement is principally addressed under the general tort liability set out in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041571\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">article 1240 of the French Civil Code<\/a>. Defamation, by contrast, falls under the specific regime of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/loda\/id\/LEGITEXT000006070722\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Act of 29 July 1881 on freedom of the press<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg01sr\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg01sr\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg02sec\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-dg02grd\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg02sl\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg02sl\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg02mid\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg02mid\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-dg02ing\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg02ca\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg02ca\">\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-83ef49ef9381b78c63436aae483967e7\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>Preserving evidence of disparagement<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg02cb\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg02cb\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Content at issue can be edited or deleted very quickly. It is therefore essential to record its wording, its date, its context and the material needed to identify its author or its circulation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Depending on the situation, the evidence file may include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>web pages and their precise URLs;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>social media posts;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>online comments and reviews;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>emails sent to customers or distributors;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>newsletters, press releases or sales brochures;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>videos, podcasts or sponsored content;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>messages exchanged on a professional platform;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>statements from partners who received the remarks;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>requests for explanations, cancellations or terminated orders;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>audience, sharing and engagement statistics.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Screenshots can be useful but are not always sufficient to establish the conditions of circulation on a lasting basis. The firm works with you to determine the preservation and recording measures suited to what is at stake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Where decisive evidence is held by a third party or is at risk of disappearing, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006410268\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">article 145 of the French Code of Civil Procedure<\/a> allows an application, subject to its conditions, for a pre-trial measure to preserve or establish that evidence.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg02sr\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg02sr\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg03sec\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-dg03grd\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg03sl\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg03sl\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg03mid\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg03mid\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-dg03ing\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg03ca\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg03ca\">\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-5c4f67e91652ed661db71259f18ec842\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>Putting a stop to a disparagement campaign<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg03cb\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg03cb\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Once the file has been assembled, several routes can be considered depending on the urgency and the reach of the content:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>a cease-and-desist letter to the author;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>a takedown or correction request;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>a report to the platform concerned;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>negotiating an undertaking not to repeat the statements;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>interim relief proceedings;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>a claim in tort.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A public response is not always advisable. It can draw attention to content that is still barely visible, or lead the company to make questionable accusations of its own. The choice between a confidential response, a corrective communication and court proceedings must therefore take account of how far the statements have actually spread.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000042597284\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Articles 835<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006411463\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">873 of the French Code of Civil Procedure<\/a> allow the interim relief judge, depending on the court with jurisdiction, to order protective or restorative measures to prevent imminent harm or to put an end to a manifestly unlawful disturbance.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg03sr\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg03sr\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg04sec\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-dg04grd\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg04sl\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg04sl\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg04mid\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg04mid\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-dg04ing\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg04ca\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg04ca\">\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-f2a709770a4aebd82a54a96ae1bab77d\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>Defending a company accused of disparagement<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg04cb\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg04cb\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A company may find itself accused after criticising a competitor&rsquo;s products, alerting partners, challenging a commercial practice or informing its distributors that a dispute exists.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Our lawyers then check whether the statements:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>actually target an identifiable offering or business;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>rest on sufficiently serious material;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>concern a matter of general interest;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>were expressed in measured terms;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>were circulated to a relevant audience;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>genuinely caused the loss alleged.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The French Supreme Court accepts that information liable to discredit a product may be justified where it concerns a matter of general interest, rests on a sufficient factual basis and remains measured in its expression. Those conditions are assessed on the facts of each case.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg04sr\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg04sr\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg05sec\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-dg05grd\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg05sl\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg05sl\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg05mid\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg05mid\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-dg05ing\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg05ca\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg05ca\">\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-7e06e938f584da508ea3c92fb361246b\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>Securing the company&rsquo;s own communications<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg05cb\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg05cb\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We also act upstream, reviewing communications liable to call another company into question:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>comparative advertising;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>a product study or ranking;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>a statement about a dispute;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>a warning sent to resellers;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>a reply to an online review;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>a public statement by a director;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>a warning about possible <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/avocat-contrefacon\/\">infringement<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This review checks how solid the facts are, the vocabulary used, who the legitimate recipients are and the risk created by an overly assertive presentation.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg05sr\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg05sr\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-4420147f\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-7974254d marginauto\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-a80dc6ed\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ff7688d2\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ff7688d2 valign-column\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-e9751a6c\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-9d8597a2\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading white has-base-3-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-928773de2dcc30113cb8e587d89fab94\"><strong>Typical disparagement situations<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-5e0949d0\">\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>A competitor contacts your customers or your distributors<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Your company learns that a competitor is emailing its trading partners to claim that your products are dangerous, non-compliant, infringing or of poor quality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Even when sent to only a handful of distributors, such messages can have immediate consequences: a listing suspended, orders cancelled, a product launch refused or requests for explanations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Our lawyers analyse the messages, identify their recipients, organise the preservation of evidence and assess the available options. They also examine the documents capable of establishing the effect of the campaign on commercial relationships.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>A company is targeted by a fake review campaign<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Several negative reviews are posted within a few days, although none of the accounts concerned corresponds to an order. The texts use similar wording and claim that the product is dangerous or non-compliant. We examine the profiles, the dates, the content and the available commercial data, then organise the steps to be taken with the platform and, where possible, against the authors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>An infringement allegation is communicated to the market<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A company receives a cease-and-desist letter concerning one of its products. Before any court has ruled, the claimant writes to several resellers to assert that the product is infringing and to demand that it be withdrawn from sale. We analyse the rights relied on, the content of the messages, the recipients and the commercial consequences, in order to combine the <a style=\"color:#d3c0a9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/intellectual-property-law\/\">intellectual property defence<\/a> with a possible disparagement claim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Telling customers about infringement proceedings on which no decision has yet been given may amount to wrongful disparagement (<a style=\"color:#d3c0a9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/juri\/id\/JURITEXT000038069860\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 9 January 2019, no. 17-18.350<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the absence of a decision finding copyright infringement, telling third parties about a possible infringement amounts to disparagement of the products concerned (<a style=\"color:#d3c0a9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/juri\/id\/JURITEXT000052403869\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 15 October 2025, no. 24-11.150<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>A company is challenged over a comparative study<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A company publishes a study concluding that certain competing solutions are less secure or less effective. It receives a cease-and-desist letter demanding the immediate withdrawal of the document. We analyse the protocol, the sources, the title, the methodological caveats and the way the conclusions were presented, in order to assess whether the communication amounts to permissible professional criticism or goes beyond the limits of freedom of expression.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ac387c14\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ac387c14\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full max461\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1150\" height=\"1965\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Fichier-13@2x.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1854 lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1150px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1150\/1965;object-fit:cover\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Fichier-13@2x.png 1150w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Fichier-13@2x-176x300.png 176w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Fichier-13@2x-599x1024.png 599w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Fichier-13@2x-768x1312.png 768w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Fichier-13@2x-899x1536.png 899w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1150px) 100vw, 1150px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg06sec\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-dg06grd\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg06sl\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg06sl\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg06mid\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg06mid\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-6e2a70a8bbd0fc395b93536ae9524064\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><strong>Awards and rankings<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg06txt\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bouchara &amp; Avocats is regularly recognised for its expertise in intellectual property, digital platform law, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/rgpd-and-data-protection\/\">data<\/a> and advertising law.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-dg06cards\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg06c0\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg06c0\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:15px\"><strong><span style=\"color: #1a4454;\">Chambers France 2026 &mdash; Intellectual Property: Trade Mark &amp; Copyright<\/span><\/strong><br>Vanessa Bouchara &mdash; Band 2, thirteen years in the rankings.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg06c1\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg06c1\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:15px\"><strong><span style=\"color: #1a4454;\">Legal 500 EMEA 2026 &mdash; France &mdash; Intellectual Property: Copyright<br>Legal 500 EMEA 2026 &mdash; France &mdash; Intellectual Property: Trade Marks and Designs<\/span><\/strong><br>Bouchara &amp; Avocats &mdash; Tier 2.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg06c2\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg06c2\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:15px\"><strong><span style=\"color: #1a4454;\">D&eacute;cideurs | Leaders League 2026 &mdash; Data law and cybersecurity<\/span><\/strong><br>Bouchara &amp; Avocats &mdash; &laquo;&nbsp;Strong reputation&nbsp;&raquo;.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg06c3\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg06c3\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:15px\"><strong><span style=\"color: #1a4454;\">D&eacute;cideurs | Leaders League 2026 &mdash; Digital platforms and applications law<\/span><\/strong><br>Bouchara &amp; Avocats &mdash; &laquo;&nbsp;Strong reputation&nbsp;&raquo;.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg06c4\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg06c4\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:15px\"><strong><span style=\"color: #1a4454;\">D&eacute;cideurs | Leaders League 2025 &mdash; Advertising and marketing law<\/span><\/strong><br>Bouchara &amp; Avocats &mdash; &laquo;&nbsp;Renowned practice&nbsp;&raquo;.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg06c5\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg06c5\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:15px\"><strong><span style=\"color: #1a4454;\">IP STARS &mdash; Managing IP 2026<\/span><\/strong><br>Bouchara &amp; Avocats &mdash; Copyright &amp; Related Rights, Other Notable Firms.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg-cta-543\">\n\n<p class=\"has-base-3-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-b18cefe006998cceefbaba133baca757 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/awards-rankings\/\"><strong>See our awards and rankings<\/strong> <img decoding=\"async\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-25.svg\" alt=\"\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 25px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 25\/25;\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg06sr\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg06sr\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg07sec\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-dg07grd\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg07sl\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg07sl\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg07mid\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg07mid\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-8e089119f8a77316cf84739eb20c12c6\" style=\"color:#1a4454\">What is <strong>commercial disparagement?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg07txt\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/lexicon\/denigration\/\">Disparagement<\/a> consists in circulating information liable to discredit the products, services or business activities of another person. It has traditionally been treated as a form of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/unfair-competition\/\">unfair competition<\/a>. It is actionable under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041571\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">article 1240 of the French Civil Code<\/a>, which requires compensation for loss caused by a fault.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-63f188e78871bc45b94026401d0e2918\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>An identifiable company or offering<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The company, brand or product targeted does not have to be expressly named. It is enough that the recipients can identify it from the context, the visuals, the characteristics of the offering or the circumstances of the communication. Conversely, general criticism aimed at an entire sector will not necessarily be enough to establish disparagement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-920e24d5395cbc9b0bd90c2104c880bd\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>An assessment based on context<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To bring a claim, the company must establish a fault, a loss and a link between the two. Direct competition is not always required: information discrediting an offering may be wrongful even where its author is not a competitor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Finally, the characterisation depends on how the message is presented and circulated. An apparently neutral statement can become disparaging when it is addressed to customers in the course of a tender or accompanied by a competing offer. Conversely, harsh criticism may remain lawful where it rests on a sufficient factual basis, concerns a matter of general interest and remains measured.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-f4f639f79b5975858f6e69c2926e31aa\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>Which court hears a commercial disparagement claim?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Depending on the status of the parties and the nature of the dispute, proceedings may fall to the commercial court or to the judicial court. Where the dispute is between commercial companies, the commercial court will in principle have jurisdiction over acts of unfair competition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In interim relief proceedings, the judge may in particular order the measures needed to prevent imminent harm or to put an end to a manifestly unlawful disturbance (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006411463\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">French Commercial Code, art. L. 721-3; French Code of Civil Procedure, art. 873<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg07sr\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg07sr\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg08sec\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-dg08grd\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg08sl\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg08sl\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg08mid\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg08mid\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-c34fc1f881fb5da405742a28a8344a13\" style=\"color:#1a4454\">Disparagement, defamation and insult: <strong>a decisive characterisation<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg08txt\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The dividing line between these characterisations is decisive. It does not simply depend on how negative or offensive the statements are, but on their legal object.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-60a54cf309b504f7146cb8e249bcaad5\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>Disparagement targets the offering or the business activity<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Disparagement relates principally to a company&rsquo;s products, services, work, methods or business activities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Examples:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&laquo;&nbsp;this software is not secure&nbsp;&raquo;;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&laquo;&nbsp;these products are infringing&nbsp;&raquo;;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&laquo;&nbsp;this solution does not comply with the applicable standards&nbsp;&raquo;;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&laquo;&nbsp;this agency&rsquo;s work is consistently substandard&nbsp;&raquo;.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These examples can only be characterised, however, after analysing their context, their factual basis and their recipients.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-f80dcd6e611f038505d1d7fe56aad828\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>Defamation harms honour or reputation<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/loda\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006419790\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 29 of the Act of 29 July 1881<\/a> defines <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/lexicon\/defamation\/\">defamation<\/a> as the allegation or imputation of a fact that harms the honour or reputation of an identifiable person or body.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The provision specifies that an allegation may be punishable even where it is put in tentative terms or where the person is not expressly named, provided that they can be identified.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Examples liable to amount to defamation:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>accusing a director of fraud;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>imputing the commission of an offence to a company;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>claiming that a professional falsifies their results;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>attributing specific dishonest conduct to a person.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A legal entity can be the target of defamatory statements. It is therefore not enough to draw a mechanical distinction between individuals and the company: one has to ask whether the statements bear on the honour and reputation of the legal entity or whether they principally discredit its products and services.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-0d604e03c5b7c1dadec2153ff4369dc4\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>Insult does not impute any specific fact<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Under the same article 29, insult means an outrageous expression, a term of contempt or invective containing the imputation of no specific fact.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The distinction between insult and defamation therefore turns on whether the fact alleged is precise enough to be the subject of a debate on its proof.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-2be4035ed89448b577f6390073e7df6c\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>Why does this distinction matter so much?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The characterisation of the statements determines the applicable procedure and the time limits for acting. Confusing disparagement with defamation can therefore defeat the claim.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg08call\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-156410a983bd70f7aa130283338504bd wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#1a4454\">Claims falling under the Act of 29 July 1881 are in principle time-barred after <strong>three months from the events<\/strong> or from the last interrupting step provided for by the Act, subject to special time limits for certain offences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-e5040423d1e03e9e7f67566b2845c9a4 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#1a4454\">By contrast, a civil disparagement claim falls in principle under fault-based liability and is time-barred after <strong>five years from the day the company knew or ought to have known the facts<\/strong> allowing it to act (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019017112\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">French Civil Code, arts. 1240 and 2224<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg08txt2\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In practice, you should not rely on the five-year period applicable to disparagement alone. A recharacterisation as defamation can bring the matter within the far shorter period laid down by the Act of 29 July 1881.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg08sr\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg08sr\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg09sec\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-dg09grd\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg09sl\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg09sl\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg09mid\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg09mid\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-a4bde95d0cee394f475993702af7251e\" style=\"color:#1a4454\">How do you determine <strong>the right strategy?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg09txt\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The strategy does not depend solely on how negative the content is. It rests on several factors:<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-dg09cards\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg09c0\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg09c0\">\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-560f5ff05ceaf410704518bfaea29323\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>What the statements target<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:16px\">It must be determined whether the assertions target a product, a service, the company&rsquo;s commercial policy or the honour of an identifiable person.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg09c1\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg09c1\">\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-9d1faf712a161bac34218d2bbf49ddcb\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>The audience actually reached<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:16px\">A message sent to a few strategic distributors can cause more damage than a public post that few people read. The number of recipients is therefore not enough to gauge how serious the matter is.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg09c2\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg09c2\">\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-10345164eec1c99984172ca9dab532e2\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>How solid the factual basis is<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:16px\">A study, a technical report or a court decision must be presented faithfully. Accurate information can nonetheless become wrongful where it is taken out of context, generalised or used to discredit an offering.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg09c3\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg09c3\">\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-7455b52fffb08ce3657aeffcdc05bc32\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>The commercial consequences<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:16px\">Cancelled orders, refusals to list a product, requests for explanations and broken-off negotiations must be documented. They make it possible to establish the loss and its link with the communication at issue.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg09c4\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg09c4\">\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-f6fbfb9ca506cf1dbe83634f2968ea30\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>The risk of amplification<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:16px\">A public statement may be needed to reassure the market, but it can also increase the visibility of the accusation. The priority objective (takedown, correction, non-repetition or compensation) must be defined before acting.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg09sr\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg09sr\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg10sec\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-dg10grd\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg10sl\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg10sl\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg10mid\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg10mid\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-15a55b09f18478b02b24cdf59ec1871f\" style=\"color:#1a4454\">What <strong>measures can be sought?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg10txt\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Depending on the case, the relief sought may cover:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>ceasing and removing the statements;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>a prohibition on repeating them;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>a correction;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>an order backed by a daily penalty;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>disclosure of information;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>compensation for economic loss and for damage to commercial reputation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg10call\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-fb2879bd08dfc73056aabe7e25db7635 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><strong>Proof of loss must be separate from proof of the statements.<\/strong> Cancelled orders, de-listing, customer emails, a confined drop in sales or crisis-management costs can all help establish the consequences of the campaign.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg10txt2\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">No measure is automatic. The judge assesses in particular the seriousness of the statements, their audience, their duration, the strength of the material produced and the link between the alleged fault and the loss.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg10sr\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg10sr\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg11sec\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-dg11grd\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg11sl\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg11sl\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg11mid\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg11mid\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-e9f1f32bfe379a3294878b21419a9bb7\" style=\"color:#1a4454\">Are you the victim, or the accused, <strong>in a disparagement matter?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg11txt\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A disparagement campaign can quickly affect your relationships with customers, distributors or partners. Conversely, an insufficiently prepared communication about a competitor or a dispute can expose your company to liability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-7f5aa34b19ff69a685ed118ad3f8d050 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><strong>For a review of your situation, our team is at your disposal.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg-cta-899\">\n\n<p class=\"has-base-3-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-dad3d1b1d262d4a07cc9900f3d487605 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/contact\/\"><strong>Contact our team<\/strong> <img decoding=\"async\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-25.svg\" alt=\"\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 25px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 25\/25;\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg11coord\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-feec2c2632b08e588180213a278680d5 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><strong>Bouchara &amp; Avocats<\/strong><br>17 rue du Colis&eacute;e<br>75008 Paris, France<br>Tel. +33 (0)1 42 25 42 30<br>info@cabinetbouchara.com<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<iframe data-src=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/maps\/embed?pb=!1m18!1m12!1m3!1d2624.3403448683143!2d2.3055189767565687!3d48.87078809983363!2m3!1f0!2f0!3f0!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1!3m3!1m2!1s0x47e66fc2c574e895%3A0x3447abd0380ba507!2sBouchara%20%26%20Avocats%20-%20Avocats%20droit%20des%20marques%20et%20propri%C3%A9t%C3%A9%20intellectuelle!5e0!3m2!1sfr!2sfr!4v1784107626501!5m2!1sfr!2sfr\" width=\"100%\" height=\"450\" style=\"border:0;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" src=\"about:blank\" class=\"lazyload\" data-load-mode=\"0\"><\/iframe><br><br>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg11sr\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg11sr\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-7bdc0f40 team\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-c15b61c3\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-2dd88fd9\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-2dd88fd9\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-58622d95\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-58622d95\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-c3bc1da989811abf71ef566b90e1c592\" style=\"color:#1a4454\">Intellectual Property Lawyers <span style=\"font-weight: 200;\"><strong>Team<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-defd13e7\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-defd13e7\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-73196bbc\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-286aca43\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-4f162a59\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-4f162a59\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-a882f3c7\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-a882f3c7\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-27d77866\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-a36d5767\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-a36d5767\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full hover-image hover-vanessa\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"752\" height=\"1000\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Vanessa-vert-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3453 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Vanessa-vert-1.png 752w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Vanessa-vert-1-226x300.png 226w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 752px) 100vw, 752px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 752px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 752\/1000;\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-6bae38ed\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-4ed88a5b7c6d37b3324d5e9ffb7a6de8 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/vanessa-bouchara\/\"><strong>Vanessa Bouchara<\/strong><\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/vanessa-bouchara\/\">Founding partner<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ecdd04cd\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ecdd04cd\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full hover-image hover-adele\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"751\" height=\"1000\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Ade\u0300le-MAIER-beige-2-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3518 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Ade\u0300le-MAIER-beige-2-1.png 751w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Ade\u0300le-MAIER-beige-2-1-225x300.png 225w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 751px) 100vw, 751px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 751px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 751\/1000;\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-6e37d879\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-4d1b7e16\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-d8263a22fff74530d7610c436cc3c190 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/adele-maier\/\"><strong>Adele Maier<\/strong><\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/our-team\/\">Partner<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-5c50e03f\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-5c50e03f\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full hover-image hover-louise\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"751\" height=\"1000\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Louise-LACROIX-vert-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3473 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Louise-LACROIX-vert-1.png 751w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Louise-LACROIX-vert-1-225x300.png 225w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 751px) 100vw, 751px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 751px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 751\/1000;\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-b4130add\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-795dbbad\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-b40b4d879ff378db2ae5f1569ae91993 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/en\/louise-lacroix\/\"><strong>Louise Lacroix<\/strong><\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/louise-lacroix\/\">Partner<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-5164331e\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-5164331e\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full hover-image hover-claire\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1086\" height=\"1448\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/smush-webp\/2026\/07\/ChatGPT-Image-6-juil.-2026-18_31_54.png.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-20651 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/smush-webp\/2026\/07\/ChatGPT-Image-6-juil.-2026-18_31_54.png.webp 1086w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/smush-webp\/2026\/07\/ChatGPT-Image-6-juil.-2026-18_31_54-225x300.png.webp 225w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/smush-webp\/2026\/07\/ChatGPT-Image-6-juil.-2026-18_31_54-768x1024.png.webp 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1086px) 100vw, 1086px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1086px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1086\/1448;\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-93a281d4\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-db38e8d3\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-93c7da6017e03a8055e19c45c60ea8a4 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><strong>Kelly Brakha<\/strong><br>Lawyer<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-1c4fe355\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-1c4fe355\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-c912b48a\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-93db65e8\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-e0dcc2e7\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-e0dcc2e7\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-53aa7dc8\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-53aa7dc8\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-e2940a9a\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-b0865a28\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-b0865a28\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full hover-image hover-gerard\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"376\" height=\"500\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/gerardv.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-14006 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/gerardv.png 376w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/gerardv-226x300.png 226w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 376px) 100vw, 376px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 376px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 376\/500;\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-10eaebf7\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-14ec59d4\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-68b709a353c299f44c005a5c90628200 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/gerard-gabriel\/\"><strong>G\u00e9rard-Gabriel Lamoureux<\/strong><\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/gerard-gabriel\/\">of counsel<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-4c84e5d1\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-4c84e5d1\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-182f0f07\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-182f0f07\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-4c7f2c81\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-4c7f2c81\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-25652ab5\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-25652ab5\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg12sec\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-dg12grd\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg12sl\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg12sl\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg12mid\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg12mid\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-bc9e8f7aa93888c395415d259f7c46d0\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><strong>FAQ<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg12txt\">\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-c18fbdc49cf468685b95aa0f773588c1\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>Does commercial disparagement require direct competition between the companies?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">No. Direct competition is not always required to establish disparagement. The French Supreme Court confirmed this in a judgment of 9 January 2019: circulating information that discredits a product can be wrongful even where the parties are not competitors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The economic relationship nonetheless remains a useful factor in assessing the purpose of the communication, the audience targeted and its consequences on the market.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-da942dafcec4663d90cd1231c1a0abe4\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>Do you have to prove an intention to harm to bring a commercial disparagement claim?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Not necessarily. The analysis focuses above all on objective factors: the content of the statements, their medium, their recipients, their repetition, their factual basis and their foreseeable consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Malicious intent may strengthen the case, but its absence is not enough to rule out liability under article 1240 of the French Civil Code.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-72dd3af0d96b103a5b26acdbd71ab202\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>Can accurate information be disparaging?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yes, depending on how it is presented. Accurate information can become wrongful if it is taken out of context, generalised or expressed disproportionately &mdash; for example where pending proceedings are presented as conclusive proof of infringement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The judge looks in particular at whether the subject is a matter of general interest, whether the statements rest on a sufficient factual basis and whether they were expressed in measured terms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-c358c642555cee203c0ab7dc289fc4f9\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>Can fake online reviews amount to commercial disparagement?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fictitious or coordinated reviews may amount to disparagement where they discredit a company&rsquo;s products, services or business. Where the statements instead impute a specific fact harming the honour of the company or its director, defamation may be the appropriate characterisation; the wording used and its target therefore have to be analysed carefully.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-7471111c2eec34ea0db020ca39cb2613\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>Can comparative advertising amount to commercial disparagement?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yes, if it goes beyond an objective comparison and discredits a competitor&rsquo;s trade marks, products, services or business. The comparison must relate to material, relevant, verifiable and representative features of the goods or services concerned (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032227222\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">French Consumer Code, art. L. 122-1<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000022496595\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">L. 122-2<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-8a6f112a346ba53a0d9d756d7eb963fa\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>How do you demonstrate the loss caused by disparagement?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The company has to connect the statements with concrete consequences: cancelled orders, a postponed launch, the loss of a listing, broken-off negotiations, a drop in sales or the cost of managing the crisis. Correspondence with customers and distributors is often just as important as financial data in establishing that link.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-b5c1651fcf7f5e2969c2d3a53b4465bf\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\"><strong>Does removing the statements bring the disparagement dispute to an end?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Removal may stop the content being accessible, but it does not necessarily undo the consequences already produced. A claim may still cover lost orders, distributors&rsquo; reactions or the damage to commercial reputation caused while the content was circulating, provided these can be established and linked to the statements (French Civil Code, art. 1240).<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dg12sr\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dg12sr\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-3f2de77f\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-a2530a40\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-95c119aa\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-35c00ae3\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-35c00ae3\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-c126b248\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-c126b248\">\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-932dfc8f\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-932dfc8f\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-a2530a40\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-95c119aa\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-35c00ae3\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-35c00ae3\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-c126b248\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-c126b248\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-3ff76232b4d8d58213196f96389413e0\" style=\"color:#1a4454\">Areas&nbsp;<strong>of focus<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-932dfc8f\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-932dfc8f\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-4184a84b\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-a0cc954a\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dea781a4\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dea781a4\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-9cf48f29\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-c38968bd\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-c38968bd\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-8.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-880 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-bdcefc4d\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-bdcefc4d\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-76f7f92a2227b5e0b278a8b601b02303 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/unfair-competition\/\">UNFAIR COMPETITION<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-57e51240\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-57e51240\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-6bd7a673\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-e77f2aeb\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-e77f2aeb\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-8.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-880 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px;height:auto\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-9c6b9fcb\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-9c6b9fcb\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-485c02bb440cdfaa04d5abe500523bb9 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/trademark-law\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1008\">TRADEMARKS<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-9e0c7c66\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-62d7fec9\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-62d7fec9\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-83b17ad7\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-d55de8f5\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-d55de8f5\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Fichier-2.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1928 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px;height:auto\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-a4fe662a\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-a4fe662a\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-8b9af268783b130204ee34a5b7b81902 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/industrial-property-law\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1872\">INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-00aac516\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-00aac516\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-841cbe4f\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-59efd0f2\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-59efd0f2\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-1.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-871 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-5ee284fc\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-5ee284fc\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-656af3791af98c2d652a9df6374eaba0 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/digital-law\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1851\">DIGITAL LAW<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-a18d283a\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-a04781e7\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-a04781e7\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-1c43f3e6\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-f51409b1\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-f51409b1\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-3.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-874 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-a938e860\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-a938e860\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-835871e49b9aa010757ee64a9d85d6f4 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/designs-and-models\/\">DESIGNS<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-408dc6e6\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-408dc6e6\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-01edc7c0\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-5429fea9\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-5429fea9\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-3.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-874 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px;height:auto\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-91d4df81\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-91d4df81\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-19ab3d428e129f0d17a7b76909bb6360 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/literary-and-artistic-property-law\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1878\">LITERARY AND ARTISTIC PROPERTY<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-6fd07591\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-9bb3939a\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-9bb3939a\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-b4c27dd7\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-258a509b\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-258a509b\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-4.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-876 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-6dbb1141\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-6dbb1141\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-aa32f53d676cea5a4bd010d2338571d4 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/copyright\/\">COPYRIGHTS<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-778a051f\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-778a051f\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-312a887e\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-99b1ce02\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-99b1ce02\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-4.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-876 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-aadf7887\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-aadf7887\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-2c524b790023b7fb59131cba638f606f wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/advertising-law\/\">ADVERTISING<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-92f3c93c\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-d1d4b039\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-d1d4b039\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-2d68fd8b\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ac358f94\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ac358f94\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-5.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-877 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-912f8aba\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-912f8aba\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-f755f99a282c9d15a08cd4bc040cd685 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/intellectual-property-law\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"6923\">INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-88fa0a29\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-88fa0a29\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-3eab33bf\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-1916bba3\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-1916bba3\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-5.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-877 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-66150fa5\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-66150fa5\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-e690d999281b4506305c893d71889a08 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/rgpd-and-data-protection\/\">GDPR &amp; PERSONAL DATA<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-a68e0105\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-19b01442\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-19b01442\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-bc1822f5\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-81cab2bb\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-81cab2bb\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-49747f0c\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-49747f0c\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-9683fbca\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-9683fbca\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-67e0763f\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-33307d38\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-33307d38\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-5.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-877 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-0422467f\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-0422467f\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-3c8f00669d64582cd0024da13d5b3f53 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/entertainment-media\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1872\">ENTERTAINMENT &amp; MEDIA<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-enrow0\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en00c\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en00c\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-en00g\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en00i\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en00i\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-8.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-880 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en00t\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en00t\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-d67b190df90f9e4fccd02addab5aa057 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/e-commerce-law\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"20953\">E-COMMERCE<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en01c\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en01c\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-en01g\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en01i\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en01i\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-8.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-880 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en01t\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en01t\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-a91ed94f761a6a78609995e287667573 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/trade-secrets-law\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"20954\">TRADE SECRETS<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-enrow1\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en10c\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en10c\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-en10g\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en10i\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en10i\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-1.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-871 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en10t\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en10t\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-52434409a0adce0bc1a75f4f5d7ebeb7 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/domain-name-law\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"20956\">DOMAIN NAMES<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en11c\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en11c\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-en11g\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en11i\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en11i\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-1.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-871 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en11t\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en11t\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-289c4bb6f280ec2490261ae90e493ab2 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/image-rights-law\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"20958\">IMAGE RIGHTS<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-enrow2\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en20c\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en20c\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-en20g\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en20i\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en20i\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-3.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-874 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en20t\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en20t\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-c5a1d18b584a773b1ba037a5b165524b wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/commercial-disparagement\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"20960\">COMMERCIAL DISPARAGEMENT<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en21c\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en21c\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-en21g\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en21i\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en21i\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-3.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-874 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en21t\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en21t\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-df35bae7b4ba294fcb39ee03d7cc9ea5 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/patent-law\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"20962\">PATENTS<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-enrow3\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en30c\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en30c\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-en30g\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en30i\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en30i\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-4.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-876 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en30t\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en30t\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-3ae8feaaa74ea6dd82536748cd037cca wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/software-and-database-law\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"20964\">SOFTWARE &amp; DATABASES<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-en31c\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-en31c\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-20960","page","type-page","status-publish"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20960","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=20960"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20960\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":20981,"href":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20960\/revisions\/20981"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=20960"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}