{"id":9114,"date":"2022-01-31T21:35:06","date_gmt":"2022-01-31T20:35:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/lexique-page-3\/"},"modified":"2026-09-18T16:11:42","modified_gmt":"2026-09-18T14:11:42","slug":"glossary-page-3","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/lexicon\/glossary-page-3\/","title":{"rendered":"Glossary page 3"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Lexicon<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n
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<  Back<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n
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A<\/a> B<\/a> C<\/a> D<\/a> E<\/a> F<\/a> G<\/a> H<\/a> I<\/a> J<\/a> L<\/a> M<\/a> N<\/a> O<\/a> P<\/a> R<\/a> S<\/a> T<\/a> U<\/a> V<\/a> W<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n

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Electronic signature<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n
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An electronic signature is a means of electronic identification that provides the classic functions of a handwritten signature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Encryption<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n
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Encryption is a reversible operation applied to data, possibly personal data, in order to make them incomprehensible to anyone who is not authorized to access them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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EUIPO<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n
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The European Union Office for Intellectual Property (EUIPO), formerly known as the Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market (OHIM), is the central institution of the European Union responsible for the management of the European Union\u2019s trademarks and designs, which are strategic assets in business life .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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European Data Protection Board<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n
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The European Data Protection Supervisor (EDPS) is an independent European body that contributes to the consistent application of the GDPR<\/a> in the European Union and promotes cooperation between <\/span>supervisory authorities<\/span> authorities of the EU member states. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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European Data Protection Supervisor<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n
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The European Data Protection Supervisor is an independent European body that primarily monitors the correct application of the GDPR and Regulation 2018\/1725 by the institutions and other bodies of the European Union.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Executive Order 12333<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n
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Executive Order 12333 (or E.O. 12333) is an executive order of the President of the United States defining the purposes, roles, and responsibilities of the United States intelligence agencies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Exhaustion of rights<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n
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The rule of exhaustion of rights is contained in Article 15 of Directive (EU) No. 2015\/2436 on trademarks as well as in Article 4, \u00a7 2, of Directive (EU) No. 2001\/29 on copyright, which provides that:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Family name<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n
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Etymologically, patronymic comes from the Latin pater, the father.<\/span> The patronymic is commonly used to designate a person’s family name.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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FISA<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n
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The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) is a United States law that establishes procedures for physical and electronic surveillance of foreign individuals and entities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Foreclosure by tolerance<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n
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In matters of trademark<\/a> law, the limitation in consequence of acquiescence <\/span>is an end of non-receipt provided by the law in the following articles:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Franchising and Commission-Affiliation<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n
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Franchising and commission-affiliation are two distinct legal systems that allow a company to develop their business in a network.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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GDRP<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n
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GDPR refers to Regulation (EU) 2016\/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95\/46\/EC (General Data Protection Regulation).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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General Terms and Conditions of Sale (GTCS)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n
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The general terms and conditions of sale (GTC) are the means by which a seller informs its customers of the conditions it proposes for the sale of its products.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Geolocation<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n
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Geolocation is a technology that allows to determine the location of a thing or a person in space.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Host<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n
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The host, or hosting company<\/em>, refers to any person ensuring, even free of charge, the storage of signals, writings, images, sounds or messages of any kind.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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ICANN<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n
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ICANN, otherwise known as the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, is an international non-profit organization founded in 1998 that works to maintain the security, stability and interoperability of the Internet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Image rights<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n
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The right to the image is not expressly provided for by French law. It is a law resulting from the jurisprudence on the basis of two texts:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Industrial property<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n
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Industrial Property is one of the two branches of Intellectual Property.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Influencers (Bad Buzz)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n
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The word \u201d influencer<\/em> \u201d entered the French dictionary in 2017. The influencer is the one who \u201d influences the opinion, the consumption by his audience on social networks<\/em> \u201d (dictionary Le Robert).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Information Society Services<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n
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Information society services are defined as any service normally provided for remuneration, at a distance by electronic means and at the individual request of a recipient of services.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Infringement proceedings<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n
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The legal action for infringement is the one specifically opened to the holders of intellectual property rights in case of infringement of the latter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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INPI<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n
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The National Institute of Intellectual Property (INPI), located in Courbevoie, is a financially autonomous public institution under the supervision of the Ministry of Industrial Property.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Intellectual Property<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n
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Intellectual Property is a specific branch of law that groups together all the rules applicable to \u201cintellectual property\u201d, to intangible property resulting from a creative effort.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Intellectual Property Lawyer and Intellectual Property Counsel<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n
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What is the difference between an IP lawyer and an IP attorney?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Internet<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n
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More recently, the Internet has enabled the tremendous growth of crypto-currencies and intangible assets through the Blockchain. Developed since 2008, blockchain is primarily a technology for storing and transmitting information. This technology offers high standards of transparency and security because it operates without a central control body. In concrete terms, the blockchain allows its users – connected in a network – to share data without intermediaries.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Internet of Things<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n
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The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to fixed and mobile devices connected to the Internet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Invalidity action<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n
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Article L.714-3 of the Intellectual Property Code states that \u201cthe registration of a trademark shall be declared null and void by a court decision or by a decision of the Director General of the National Institute of Industrial Property, pursuant to Article L.411-4, if the trademark does not meet the conditions laid down in Articles L.711-2, L.711-3, L.715-4 and L.715-9 [of the Intellectual Property Code].\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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IP address<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n
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The Internet Protocol (IP) address is a unique identification number usually written as four integers (bytes) separated by dots.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Jointly responsible<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n
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Joint controllers of a personal data processing<\/a> operation shall mean two or more controllers<\/a> who jointly determine the purposes<\/a> and essential means of the processing operation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Lapse of trademark<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n
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Trademark revocation is provided for in articles L.714-5 and L.714-6 of the Intellectual Property Code.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Legal basis<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n
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Any processing of personal data must be lawful in order to be implemented under the conditions enshrined in the GDPR and the Data Protection Act.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Legal information<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n
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The legal notices refer to information that must be included on websites in application of the law n\u00b0 2004-575 of June 21, 2004 for confidence in the digital economy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Literary and artistic property<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n
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Literary and artistic Property is one of the two branches of Intellectual Property.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Logo<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n
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The logo is a particular graphic \/ visual.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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