{"id":9160,"date":"2022-01-19T14:09:18","date_gmt":"2022-01-19T13:09:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/concurrence-deloyale-2\/"},"modified":"2025-03-21T05:02:13","modified_gmt":"2025-03-21T04:02:13","slug":"unfair-competition","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/unfair-competition\/","title":{"rendered":"Unfair competition"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover\" style=\"min-height:430px;aspect-ratio:unset;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim-20 has-background-dim\" style=\"background-color:#aab5a9\"><\/span><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"544\" class=\"wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-1865\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/pexels-sergio-souza-5048693.png\" data-object-fit=\"cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/pexels-sergio-souza-5048693.png 1920w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/pexels-sergio-souza-5048693-300x85.png 300w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/pexels-sergio-souza-5048693-1024x290.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/pexels-sergio-souza-5048693-768x218.png 768w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/pexels-sergio-souza-5048693-1536x435.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-62d80722\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-490d46df\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-490d46df\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-6ac37bbc\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-6ac37bbc\">\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading has-base-3-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-96d7b0dcf40995169cdfab7cbc8b65eb\" style=\"font-size:50px\"><strong>Unfair competition<br><\/strong><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 27px 0px 17px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: 50% center; background-size: cover; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; position: relative; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Poppins, Poppins-fallback, Arial, sans-serif; white-space-collapse: collapse;\"><div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: auto; border: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; background: 50% center \/ cover no-repeat transparent; width: 1080px; max-width: 1080px; position: relative; padding: 0px !important;\"><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; background: 50% center \/ cover no-repeat transparent; float: left; position: relative; z-index: 2; min-height: 1px; width: 1080px; margin-right: 0px !important; mix-blend-mode: unset !important;\"><div class=\"et_pb_with_border et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 22px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; background: 50% center \/ cover no-repeat transparent; position: relative; animation-timing-function: linear; animation-duration: 0.2s; overflow-wrap: break-word; font-family: Poppins, sans-serif; transition: transform 300ms; margin-top: 0px !important; padding-top: 25px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; border: 0px !important;\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent; position: relative; border: 0px !important;\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/h1>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-961dd949\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-961dd949\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-87ee5001\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-ff3467cf\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-a4714b21\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-a4714b21\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-af98f79f\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-af98f79f\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-d1f0b1113f575311653e6165876f7490\" style=\"color:#000000\">Areas of expertise &gt; <strong><span style=\"color: #d3c0a9;\"><strong>Unfair Competition<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-5ae25245\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-5ae25245\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-7a8e1121\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-c2ce8712\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-c2ce8712\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-5136cf50\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-5136cf50\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-4d7036d1416c882b50de1f8296e73833\" style=\"color:#707070\">In intellectual property matters, unfair competition consists mainly in creating a risk of confusion with a product, a trademark or any other distinctive sign of a competitor. The principle of free competition has been recognized in France since 1791 and the famous Le Chapelier law. However, this freedom must necessarily be tempered by ethical principles so that free competition is not distorted.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-35e0b875\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-b7edd5d8ee6c568c652a8565b34bbb1c\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/industrial-property-law\/\"><strong>See the following area of expertise <\/strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-24.svg\" alt=\"\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-f9bce21c\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-f9bce21c\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-e1e06a64\">\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns nogap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#f8f3f3\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-13585703 valign-column\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-9dd7d126\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-f0b3eefc595a8e4fb930bf3ea2968695\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-size:30px\">What is&nbsp;<strong>is free riding?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-452ac35bc81d128f0d982816878765a8\" style=\"color:#707070\">Parasitic competition consists of following in the footsteps of a competitor. It is constituted when a company tries to divert to its profit the notoriety or the efforts and investments of its competitor, without untying its purse. Such behavior may be reflected in practice, for example, by the use of packaging that is identical or very similar to the packaging used by a leading competitor.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized objet-cover\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"960\" height=\"536\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/lysander-yuen-LKaN_tqplEw-unsplash.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1866\" style=\"width:1057px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/lysander-yuen-LKaN_tqplEw-unsplash.png 960w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/lysander-yuen-LKaN_tqplEw-unsplash-300x168.png 300w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/lysander-yuen-LKaN_tqplEw-unsplash-768x429.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-fb879566\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-d7cf277c\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-1485b5d3\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-1485b5d3\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-64060d92\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-64060d92\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-43197ca2e26b8b91b095163d5782bd4b\" style=\"color:#1a4454\">Qualification <strong>requirements<br><\/strong><div class=\"et_pb_with_border et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_10  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 16px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: 50% center; background-size: cover; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; position: relative; animation-timing-function: linear; animation-duration: 0.2s; overflow-wrap: break-word; font-family: Poppins, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; transition: transform 300ms; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); white-space-collapse: collapse; margin-top: 0px !important; padding-top: 25px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; border: 0px !important;\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent; position: relative; border: 0px !important;\"><\/div><\/div><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-ed7cd52a39da71305a6a176f0f742a65\" style=\"color:#707070;font-size:16px\">Acts contrary to normal commercial practice may be punished as unfair competition on the basis of civil liability (Articles 1382 and 1383 of the Civil Code). This action is therefore conditioned by the existence of the 3 elements necessary for the implementation of civil liability:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-d9665b61af9c5f74f494bf4d753145fc\" style=\"color:#707070;font-size:16px\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns columns3 is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#f6f2ee\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-431bd734\">\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-1a5e9f281cbd852ce2ea5eb28e7cc631\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><strong>A fault<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ae894a9e\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-974912d066006874e895622810e3bfdb\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-size:16px\">Misconduct is often an intentional act intended to harm a competing business. Intentionality is not a requirement. An unintentional act may constitute an act of unfair competition.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#a44220\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-372c722b\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-418a192d\">\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-base-3-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-b0a84e048258b5c6708ead811f5df807\"><strong>A prejudice<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-9b3f85ab\">\n\n<p class=\"has-base-3-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-8cf66093f70235786ff591e2d8787cbb\">La faute ne causant pas de pr\u00e9judice ne peut pas \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme de la concurrence d\u00e9loyale. Le pr\u00e9judice caus\u00e9 au concurrent doit \u00eatre certain (pas seulement pr\u00e9sum\u00e9 ou pr\u00e9tendu) et seule l\u2019entreprise vis\u00e9e par la concurrence d\u00e9loyale peut se pr\u00e9valoir de ce pr\u00e9judice.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#f6f2ee\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-c13e820a\">\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-9e0e555ced4c2d734d8b5ec8b1e44de9\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><strong>A causal link<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-47e7741b\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-4c70a7fe06b78cbd84cbfe86d4c174d0\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-size:16px\">There must be a causal link between the fault committed and the harm suffered. The fault must be at the origin of the damage suffered: if no causal link can be established, unfair competition will not be characterized.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-6493543c\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-6493543c\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-4420147f\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-7974254d marginauto\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-a80dc6ed\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-d8ead5a0\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-d8ead5a0 valign-column\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-e9751a6c\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-9d8597a2\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading white has-base-3-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-a54ac1e074a29d507bc44d804e8eb6bc\">The action for unfair competition<div class=\"et_pb_with_border et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_15  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 100.094px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 16px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: 50% center; background-size: cover; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; position: relative; animation-timing-function: linear; animation-duration: 0.2s; overflow-wrap: break-word; font-family: Poppins, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; transition: transform 300ms; white-space-collapse: collapse; margin-top: 36px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; border: 0px !important;\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent; position: relative; border: 0px !important;\"><\/div><\/div><\/h2>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-5e0949d0\">\n\n<p>A claim for unfair and parasitic competition may be joined to a claim for infringement, but the two claims must remain separate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The two actions have different objectives. The purpose of the infringement action is to defend intellectual property rights, while the purpose of the action for unfair and parasitic competition is to repair the damage caused by breaches of commercial fairness. It is therefore necessary to be able to invoke acts of unfair competition separate from acts of infringement in order to obtain compensation for the alleged damage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Action for unfair and parasitic competition may be preferred to action for infringement when the infringement is not certain. In this case, action for civil liability allows greater latitude in the action but poses greater difficulty in proving the case.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The aim is not to standardize situations but to consider each case in its entirety.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ac387c14\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ac387c14\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-image max461\">\n<figure class=\"alignright size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1150\" height=\"1965\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Fichier-14@2x.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1868\" style=\"width:350px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Fichier-14@2x.png 1150w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Fichier-14@2x-176x300.png 176w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Fichier-14@2x-599x1024.png 599w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Fichier-14@2x-768x1312.png 768w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Fichier-14@2x-899x1536.png 899w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1150px) 100vw, 1150px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-126c4527 nos-services\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-2b23b1c4\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-28a6ee35\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-28a6ee35\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-5d4b2bd4\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-5d4b2bd4\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-baa2636e\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-3cc4f5d3\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-c510f9df03a4115ec846824167a69771\" style=\"color:#1a4454\">Our <strong>services<br><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-e7e8eaa8\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-e7e8eaa8\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-3f0be224\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-f11be42d\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-15745dcd\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-15745dcd\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-143f65c4\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-143f65c4\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-3d4ffb7a\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-43d733ff\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-43d733ff\">\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-49e399708eae77851577a8fe1f95810c\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\">Assistance and follow-up<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent; position: relative; border: 0px !important;\"><\/div><\/h3>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-62bc31b5\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-62bc31b5\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-2aeb3a26\">\n\n<p>We assist you and ensure a follow-up within the framework of:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul style=\"font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-weight:300\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>follow-up of a deposit with a bailiff in order to give a certain date to a specific creation,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the filing of customs surveillance files.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-d9ac88f0\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-d9ac88f0 img-stretch\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-style-default telephone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2880\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/telephone-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-18340\" style=\"aspect-ratio:3\/2;object-fit:cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/telephone-scaled.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/telephone-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/telephone-683x1024.jpg 683w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/telephone-768x1152.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/telephone-1024x1536.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/telephone-1365x2048.jpg 1365w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-cf76f471\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-cf76f471\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-045b2a7b\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-b6e31332\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-033decae\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-033decae\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-c4fee67f\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-c4fee67f\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-5aa368ec\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-e5e306f0\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-e5e306f0\">\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-c1608374f941e5594b0fc2937c7b510f\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\">Representation<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent; position: relative; border: 0px !important;\"><\/div><\/h3>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-757d901d\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-757d901d\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-f79fb8bf\">\n\n<p>We represent you in copyright disputes.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-49170b7e\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-49170b7e img-stretch\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-style-default\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2880\" height=\"1920\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/representation-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-18354\" style=\"aspect-ratio:3\/2;object-fit:cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/representation-scaled.jpg 2880w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/representation-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/representation-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/representation-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/representation-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/representation-2048x1365.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2880px) 100vw, 2880px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-4155cce5\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-4155cce5\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-a2530a40\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-95c119aa\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-35c00ae3\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-35c00ae3\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-c126b248\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-c126b248\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-3ff76232b4d8d58213196f96389413e0\" style=\"color:#1a4454\">Areas&nbsp;<strong>of focus<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-932dfc8f\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-932dfc8f\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-4184a84b\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-a0cc954a\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dea781a4\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dea781a4\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-9cf48f29\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-c38968bd\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-c38968bd\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-8.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-880\" style=\"width:27px\"\/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-bdcefc4d\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-bdcefc4d\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-12882dcf7cfab38e7469a17e0da9076f\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/unfair-competition\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1863\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/unfair-competition\/\">UNFAIR COMPETITION<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-57e51240\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-57e51240\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-6bd7a673\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-e77f2aeb\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-e77f2aeb\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-8.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-880\" style=\"width:27px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-9c6b9fcb\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-9c6b9fcb\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-ed264e09416bb57b59bd716bf468a0bd\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/concurrence-deloyale\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1863\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/droit-des-marques\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1008\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/trademark-law\/\">TRADE<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/trademark-law\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1008\">M<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/droit-des-marques\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1008\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/trademark-law\/\">ARKS<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-9e0c7c66\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-62d7fec9\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-62d7fec9\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-83b17ad7\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-d55de8f5\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-d55de8f5\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Fichier-2.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1928\" style=\"width:27px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-a4fe662a\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-a4fe662a\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-c08a755ad2e6aa04f2d05e3983739220\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/concurrence-deloyale\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1863\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/industrial-property-law\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1872\">INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-00aac516\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-00aac516\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-841cbe4f\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-59efd0f2\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-59efd0f2\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-1.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-871\" style=\"width:27px\"\/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-5ee284fc\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-5ee284fc\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-849825003d7781848987c25c564a5da8\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/concurrence-deloyale\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1863\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/digital-law\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1851\">DIGITAL LAW<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-a18d283a\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-a04781e7\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-a04781e7\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-1c43f3e6\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-f51409b1\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-f51409b1\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-3.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-874\" style=\"width:27px\"\/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-a938e860\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-a938e860\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-835871e49b9aa010757ee64a9d85d6f4\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/designs-and-models\/\">DESIGNS<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-408dc6e6\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-408dc6e6\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-01edc7c0\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-5429fea9\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-5429fea9\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-3.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-874\" style=\"width:27px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-91d4df81\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-91d4df81\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-8dbcb96f9cd189907dbd3425cf785acf\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/concurrence-deloyale\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1863\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/literary-and-artistic-property-law\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1878\">LITERARY AND ARTISTIC PROPERTY<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-6fd07591\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-9bb3939a\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-9bb3939a\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-b4c27dd7\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-258a509b\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-258a509b\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-4.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-876\" style=\"width:27px\"\/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-6dbb1141\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-6dbb1141\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-3bcdb2a2d4a03036e36420a0830aed74\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/concurrence-deloyale\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1863\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/copyright\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1837\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/copyright\/\">COPYRIGHTS<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-778a051f\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-778a051f\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-312a887e\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-99b1ce02\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-99b1ce02\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-4.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-876\" style=\"width:27px\"\/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-aadf7887\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-aadf7887\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-5736020c315f12fd478f45b71dbd2281\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/concurrence-deloyale\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1863\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/advertising-law\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1908\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/advertising-law\/\">ADVERTISING<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-92f3c93c\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-d1d4b039\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-d1d4b039\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-2d68fd8b\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ac358f94\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ac358f94\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-5.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-877\" style=\"width:27px\"\/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-912f8aba\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-912f8aba\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-c1bf2583fbda80cf23985af2ed2af3c0\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/concurrence-deloyale\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1863\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/intellectual-property-law\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"6923\">INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-88fa0a29\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-88fa0a29\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-3eab33bf\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-1916bba3\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-1916bba3\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-5.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-877\" style=\"width:27px\"\/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-66150fa5\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-66150fa5\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-b0ecd409dea8ef49a98009cbd465999b\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/concurrence-deloyale\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1863\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/rgpd-and-data-protection\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1895\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/rgpd-and-data-protection\/\">GDPR &amp; PERSONAL DATA<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-a68e0105\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-19b01442\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-19b01442\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-bc1822f5\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-81cab2bb\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-81cab2bb\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-49747f0c\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-49747f0c\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-9683fbca\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-9683fbca\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-67e0763f\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-33307d38\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-33307d38\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-5.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-877\" style=\"width:27px\"\/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-0422467f\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-0422467f\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-374d08f078ddac21d39cd94e70426a33\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/concurrence-deloyale\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1863\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/rgpd-and-data-protection\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1895\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/entertainment-media\/\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/entertainment-media\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1872\">ENTERTAINMENT &amp; MEDIA<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-7bdc0f40 team\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-c15b61c3\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-2dd88fd9\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-2dd88fd9\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-58622d95\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-58622d95\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-c3bc1da989811abf71ef566b90e1c592\" style=\"color:#1a4454\">Intellectual Property Lawyers <span style=\"font-weight: 200;\"><strong>Team<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-defd13e7\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-defd13e7\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-73196bbc\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-286aca43\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-4f162a59\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-4f162a59\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-a882f3c7\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-a882f3c7\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-27d77866\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-a36d5767\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-a36d5767\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full hover-image hover-vanessa\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"752\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Vanessa-vert-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3453\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Vanessa-vert-1.png 752w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Vanessa-vert-1-226x300.png 226w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 752px) 100vw, 752px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-6bae38ed\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-4ed88a5b7c6d37b3324d5e9ffb7a6de8\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/vanessa-bouchara\/\"><strong>Vanessa Bouchara<\/strong><\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/vanessa-bouchara\/\">Founding partner<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ecdd04cd\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ecdd04cd\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full hover-image hover-adele\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"751\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Ade\u0300le-MAIER-beige-2-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3518\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Ade\u0300le-MAIER-beige-2-1.png 751w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Ade\u0300le-MAIER-beige-2-1-225x300.png 225w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 751px) 100vw, 751px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-6e37d879\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-4d1b7e16\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-254c7a102aeda986cdb07c308ed89a67\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/adele-maier\/\"><strong>Adele Maier<\/strong><\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/notre-equipe\/\">Partner<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-5c50e03f\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-5c50e03f\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full hover-image hover-louise\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"751\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Louise-LACROIX-vert-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3473\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Louise-LACROIX-vert-1.png 751w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Louise-LACROIX-vert-1-225x300.png 225w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 751px) 100vw, 751px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-b4130add\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-795dbbad\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-b40b4d879ff378db2ae5f1569ae91993\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/en\/louise-lacroix\/\"><strong>Louise Lacroix<\/strong><\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/louise-lacroix\/\">Partner<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-5164331e\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-5164331e\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full hover-image hover-claire\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"376\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/claireg.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13769\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/claireg.png 376w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/claireg-226x300.png 226w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 376px) 100vw, 376px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-93a281d4\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-db38e8d3\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-8120809e520690d4f83aad5717b5d103\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/claire\/\"><strong>Claire Benassar<\/strong><\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/claire\/\">Lawyer<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-1c4fe355\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-1c4fe355\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-c912b48a\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-93db65e8\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-e0dcc2e7\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-e0dcc2e7\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-53aa7dc8\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-53aa7dc8\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-e2940a9a\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-b0865a28\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-b0865a28\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full hover-image hover-gerard\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"376\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/gerardv.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-14006\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/gerardv.png 376w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/gerardv-226x300.png 226w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 376px) 100vw, 376px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-10eaebf7\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-14ec59d4\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-68b709a353c299f44c005a5c90628200\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/gerard-gabriel\/\"><strong>G\u00e9rard-Gabriel Lamoureux<\/strong><\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/gerard-gabriel\/\">of counsel<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-4c84e5d1\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-4c84e5d1\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-182f0f07\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-182f0f07\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-4c7f2c81\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-4c7f2c81\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-25652ab5\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-25652ab5\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What is&nbsp;is free riding? Parasitic competition consists of following in the footsteps of a competitor. It is constituted when a company tries to divert to its profit the notoriety or the efforts and investments of its competitor, without untying its purse. Such behavior may be reflected in practice, for example, by the use of packaging &#8230; <a title=\"Unfair competition\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/unfair-competition\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Unfair competition\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-9160","page","type-page","status-publish"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9160","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9160"}],"version-history":[{"count":23,"href":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9160\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19156,"href":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9160\/revisions\/19156"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9160"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}