{"id":9160,"date":"2022-01-19T14:09:18","date_gmt":"2022-01-19T13:09:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/concurrence-deloyale-2\/"},"modified":"2025-03-21T05:02:13","modified_gmt":"2025-03-21T04:02:13","slug":"unfair-competition","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/unfair-competition\/","title":{"rendered":"Unfair competition"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover\" style=\"min-height:430px;aspect-ratio:unset;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim-20 has-background-dim\" style=\"background-color:#aab5a9\"><\/span><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"544\" class=\"wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-1865 lazyload\" alt=\"\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/pexels-sergio-souza-5048693.png\" data-object-fit=\"cover\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/pexels-sergio-souza-5048693.png 1920w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/pexels-sergio-souza-5048693-300x85.png 300w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/pexels-sergio-souza-5048693-1024x290.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/pexels-sergio-souza-5048693-768x218.png 768w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/pexels-sergio-souza-5048693-1536x435.png 1536w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1920px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1920\/544;\" \/><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-62d80722\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-490d46df\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-490d46df\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-6ac37bbc\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-6ac37bbc\">\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading has-base-3-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-96d7b0dcf40995169cdfab7cbc8b65eb\" style=\"font-size:50px\"><strong>Unfair competition<br><\/strong><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 27px 0px 17px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: 50% center; background-size: cover; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; position: relative; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Poppins, Poppins-fallback, Arial, sans-serif; white-space-collapse: collapse;\"><div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: auto; border: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; background: 50% center \/ cover no-repeat transparent; width: 1080px; max-width: 1080px; position: relative; padding: 0px !important;\"><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; background: 50% center \/ cover no-repeat transparent; float: left; position: relative; z-index: 2; min-height: 1px; width: 1080px; margin-right: 0px !important; mix-blend-mode: unset !important;\"><div class=\"et_pb_with_border et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 22px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; background: 50% center \/ cover no-repeat transparent; position: relative; animation-timing-function: linear; animation-duration: 0.2s; overflow-wrap: break-word; font-family: Poppins, sans-serif; transition: transform 300ms; margin-top: 0px !important; padding-top: 25px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; border: 0px !important;\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent; position: relative; border: 0px !important;\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/h1>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-961dd949\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-961dd949\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-87ee5001\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-ff3467cf\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-a4714b21\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-a4714b21\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-af98f79f\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-af98f79f\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-d1f0b1113f575311653e6165876f7490 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#000000\">Areas of expertise &gt; <strong><span style=\"color: #d3c0a9;\"><strong>Unfair Competition<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-5ae25245\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-5ae25245\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-7a8e1121\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-c2ce8712\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-c2ce8712\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-5136cf50\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-5136cf50\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-4d7036d1416c882b50de1f8296e73833 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#707070\">In intellectual property matters, unfair competition consists mainly in creating a risk of confusion with a product, a trademark or any other distinctive sign of a competitor. The principle of free competition has been recognized in France since 1791 and the famous Le Chapelier law. However, this freedom must necessarily be tempered by ethical principles so that free competition is not distorted.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-35e0b875\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-b7edd5d8ee6c568c652a8565b34bbb1c wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/industrial-property-law\/\"><strong>See the following area of expertise <\/strong><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-24.svg\" alt=\"\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 25px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 25\/25;\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-f9bce21c\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-f9bce21c\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-e1e06a64\">\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns nogap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#f8f3f3\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-13585703 valign-column\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-9dd7d126\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-f0b3eefc595a8e4fb930bf3ea2968695\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-size:30px\">What is&nbsp;<strong>is free riding?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-452ac35bc81d128f0d982816878765a8 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#707070\">Parasitic competition consists of following in the footsteps of a competitor. It is constituted when a company tries to divert to its profit the notoriety or the efforts and investments of its competitor, without untying its purse. Such behavior may be reflected in practice, for example, by the use of packaging that is identical or very similar to the packaging used by a leading competitor.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized objet-cover\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"960\" height=\"536\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/lysander-yuen-LKaN_tqplEw-unsplash.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1866 lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 960px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 960\/536;width:1057px\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/lysander-yuen-LKaN_tqplEw-unsplash.png 960w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/lysander-yuen-LKaN_tqplEw-unsplash-300x168.png 300w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/lysander-yuen-LKaN_tqplEw-unsplash-768x429.png 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-fb879566\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-d7cf277c\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-1485b5d3\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-1485b5d3\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-64060d92\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-64060d92\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-43197ca2e26b8b91b095163d5782bd4b\" style=\"color:#1a4454\">Qualification <strong>requirements<br><\/strong><div class=\"et_pb_with_border et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_10  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 16px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: 50% center; background-size: cover; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; position: relative; animation-timing-function: linear; animation-duration: 0.2s; overflow-wrap: break-word; font-family: Poppins, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; transition: transform 300ms; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); white-space-collapse: collapse; margin-top: 0px !important; padding-top: 25px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; border: 0px !important;\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent; position: relative; border: 0px !important;\"><\/div><\/div><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-ed7cd52a39da71305a6a176f0f742a65 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#707070;font-size:16px\">Acts contrary to normal commercial practice may be punished as unfair competition on the basis of civil liability (Articles 1382 and 1383 of the Civil Code). This action is therefore conditioned by the existence of the 3 elements necessary for the implementation of civil liability:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-d9665b61af9c5f74f494bf4d753145fc wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#707070;font-size:16px\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns columns3 is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#f6f2ee\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-431bd734\">\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-1a5e9f281cbd852ce2ea5eb28e7cc631\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><strong>A fault<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ae894a9e\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-974912d066006874e895622810e3bfdb wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-size:16px\">Misconduct is often an intentional act intended to harm a competing business. Intentionality is not a requirement. An unintentional act may constitute an act of unfair competition.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#a44220\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-372c722b\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-418a192d\">\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-base-3-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-b0a84e048258b5c6708ead811f5df807\"><strong>A prejudice<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-9b3f85ab\">\n\n<p class=\"has-base-3-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-8cf66093f70235786ff591e2d8787cbb wp-block-paragraph\">La faute ne causant pas de pr\u00e9judice ne peut pas \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme de la concurrence d\u00e9loyale. Le pr\u00e9judice caus\u00e9 au concurrent doit \u00eatre certain (pas seulement pr\u00e9sum\u00e9 ou pr\u00e9tendu) et seule l\u2019entreprise vis\u00e9e par la concurrence d\u00e9loyale peut se pr\u00e9valoir de ce pr\u00e9judice.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#f6f2ee\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-c13e820a\">\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-9e0e555ced4c2d734d8b5ec8b1e44de9\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><strong>A causal link<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-47e7741b\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-4c70a7fe06b78cbd84cbfe86d4c174d0 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-size:16px\">There must be a causal link between the fault committed and the harm suffered. The fault must be at the origin of the damage suffered: if no causal link can be established, unfair competition will not be characterized.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-6493543c\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-6493543c\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-4420147f\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-7974254d marginauto\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-a80dc6ed\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-d8ead5a0\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-d8ead5a0 valign-column\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-e9751a6c\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-9d8597a2\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading white has-base-3-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-a54ac1e074a29d507bc44d804e8eb6bc\">The action for unfair competition<div class=\"et_pb_with_border et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_15  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 100.094px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 16px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: 50% center; background-size: cover; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; position: relative; animation-timing-function: linear; animation-duration: 0.2s; overflow-wrap: break-word; font-family: Poppins, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; transition: transform 300ms; white-space-collapse: collapse; margin-top: 36px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; border: 0px !important;\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent; position: relative; border: 0px !important;\"><\/div><\/div><\/h2>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-5e0949d0\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A claim for unfair and parasitic competition may be joined to a claim for infringement, but the two claims must remain separate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The two actions have different objectives. The purpose of the infringement action is to defend intellectual property rights, while the purpose of the action for unfair and parasitic competition is to repair the damage caused by breaches of commercial fairness. It is therefore necessary to be able to invoke acts of unfair competition separate from acts of infringement in order to obtain compensation for the alleged damage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Action for unfair and parasitic competition may be preferred to action for infringement when the infringement is not certain. In this case, action for civil liability allows greater latitude in the action but poses greater difficulty in proving the case.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The aim is not to standardize situations but to consider each case in its entirety.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ac387c14\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ac387c14\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-image max461\">\n<figure class=\"alignright size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1150\" height=\"1965\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Fichier-14@2x.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1868 lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1150px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1150\/1965;width:350px\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Fichier-14@2x.png 1150w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Fichier-14@2x-176x300.png 176w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Fichier-14@2x-599x1024.png 599w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Fichier-14@2x-768x1312.png 768w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Fichier-14@2x-899x1536.png 899w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1150px) 100vw, 1150px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-126c4527 nos-services\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-2b23b1c4\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-28a6ee35\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-28a6ee35\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-5d4b2bd4\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-5d4b2bd4\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-baa2636e\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-3cc4f5d3\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-c510f9df03a4115ec846824167a69771\" style=\"color:#1a4454\">Our <strong>services<br><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-e7e8eaa8\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-e7e8eaa8\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-3f0be224\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-f11be42d\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-15745dcd\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-15745dcd\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-143f65c4\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-143f65c4\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-3d4ffb7a\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-43d733ff\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-43d733ff\">\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-49e399708eae77851577a8fe1f95810c\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\">Assistance and follow-up<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent; position: relative; border: 0px !important;\"><\/div><\/h3>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-62bc31b5\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-62bc31b5\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-2aeb3a26\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We assist you and ensure a follow-up within the framework of:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul style=\"font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-weight:300\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>follow-up of a deposit with a bailiff in order to give a certain date to a specific creation,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the filing of customs surveillance files.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-d9ac88f0\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-d9ac88f0 img-stretch\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-style-default telephone\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2880\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/telephone-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-18340 lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1920px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1920\/2880;aspect-ratio:3\/2;object-fit:cover\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/telephone-scaled.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/telephone-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/telephone-683x1024.jpg 683w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/telephone-768x1152.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/telephone-1024x1536.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/telephone-1365x2048.jpg 1365w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-cf76f471\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-cf76f471\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-045b2a7b\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-b6e31332\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-033decae\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-033decae\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-c4fee67f\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-c4fee67f\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-5aa368ec\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-e5e306f0\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-e5e306f0\">\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-c1608374f941e5594b0fc2937c7b510f\" style=\"color:#1a4454;font-style:normal;font-weight:600\">Representation<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent; position: relative; border: 0px !important;\"><\/div><\/h3>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-757d901d\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-757d901d\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-f79fb8bf\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We represent you in copyright disputes.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-49170b7e\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-49170b7e img-stretch\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-style-default\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"2880\" height=\"1920\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/representation-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-18354 lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 2880px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 2880\/1920;aspect-ratio:3\/2;object-fit:cover\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/representation-scaled.jpg 2880w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/representation-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/representation-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/representation-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/representation-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/representation-2048x1365.jpg 2048w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 2880px) 100vw, 2880px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-4155cce5\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-4155cce5\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-a2530a40\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-95c119aa\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-35c00ae3\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-35c00ae3\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-c126b248\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-c126b248\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-3ff76232b4d8d58213196f96389413e0\" style=\"color:#1a4454\">Areas&nbsp;<strong>of focus<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-932dfc8f\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-932dfc8f\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-4184a84b\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-a0cc954a\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-dea781a4\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dea781a4\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-9cf48f29\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-c38968bd\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-c38968bd\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-8.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-880 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-bdcefc4d\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-bdcefc4d\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-12882dcf7cfab38e7469a17e0da9076f wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/unfair-competition\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1863\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/unfair-competition\/\">UNFAIR COMPETITION<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-57e51240\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-57e51240\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-6bd7a673\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-e77f2aeb\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-e77f2aeb\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-8.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-880 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px;height:auto\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-9c6b9fcb\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-9c6b9fcb\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-ed264e09416bb57b59bd716bf468a0bd wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/concurrence-deloyale\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1863\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/droit-des-marques\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1008\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/trademark-law\/\">TRADE<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/trademark-law\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1008\">M<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/droit-des-marques\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1008\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/trademark-law\/\">ARKS<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-9e0c7c66\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-62d7fec9\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-62d7fec9\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-83b17ad7\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-d55de8f5\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-d55de8f5\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Fichier-2.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1928 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px;height:auto\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-a4fe662a\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-a4fe662a\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-c08a755ad2e6aa04f2d05e3983739220 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/concurrence-deloyale\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1863\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/industrial-property-law\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1872\">INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-00aac516\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-00aac516\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-841cbe4f\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-59efd0f2\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-59efd0f2\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-1.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-871 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-5ee284fc\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-5ee284fc\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-849825003d7781848987c25c564a5da8 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/concurrence-deloyale\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1863\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/digital-law\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1851\">DIGITAL LAW<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-a18d283a\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-a04781e7\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-a04781e7\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-1c43f3e6\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-f51409b1\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-f51409b1\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-3.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-874 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-a938e860\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-a938e860\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-835871e49b9aa010757ee64a9d85d6f4 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/designs-and-models\/\">DESIGNS<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-408dc6e6\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-408dc6e6\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-01edc7c0\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-5429fea9\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-5429fea9\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-3.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-874 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px;height:auto\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-91d4df81\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-91d4df81\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-8dbcb96f9cd189907dbd3425cf785acf wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/concurrence-deloyale\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1863\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/literary-and-artistic-property-law\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1878\">LITERARY AND ARTISTIC PROPERTY<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-6fd07591\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-9bb3939a\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-9bb3939a\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-b4c27dd7\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-258a509b\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-258a509b\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-4.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-876 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-6dbb1141\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-6dbb1141\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-3bcdb2a2d4a03036e36420a0830aed74 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/concurrence-deloyale\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1863\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/copyright\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1837\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/copyright\/\">COPYRIGHTS<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-778a051f\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-778a051f\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-312a887e\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-99b1ce02\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-99b1ce02\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-4.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-876 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-aadf7887\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-aadf7887\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-5736020c315f12fd478f45b71dbd2281 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/concurrence-deloyale\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1863\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/advertising-law\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1908\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/advertising-law\/\">ADVERTISING<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-92f3c93c\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-d1d4b039\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-d1d4b039\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-2d68fd8b\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ac358f94\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ac358f94\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-5.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-877 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-912f8aba\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-912f8aba\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-c1bf2583fbda80cf23985af2ed2af3c0 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/concurrence-deloyale\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1863\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/intellectual-property-law\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"6923\">INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-88fa0a29\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-88fa0a29\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-3eab33bf\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-1916bba3\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-1916bba3\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-5.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-877 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-66150fa5\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-66150fa5\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-b0ecd409dea8ef49a98009cbd465999b wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/concurrence-deloyale\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1863\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/rgpd-and-data-protection\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1895\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/rgpd-and-data-protection\/\">GDPR &amp; PERSONAL DATA<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-a68e0105\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-19b01442\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-19b01442\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-bc1822f5\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-81cab2bb\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-81cab2bb\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-49747f0c\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-49747f0c\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-9683fbca\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-9683fbca\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-67e0763f\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-33307d38\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-33307d38\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Fichier-5.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-877 lazyload\" style=\"width:27px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-0422467f\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-0422467f\">\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-2-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-374d08f078ddac21d39cd94e70426a33 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/concurrence-deloyale\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1863\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/rgpd-and-data-protection\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1895\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/entertainment-media\/\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/entertainment-media\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1872\">ENTERTAINMENT &amp; MEDIA<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-7bdc0f40 team\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-c15b61c3\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-2dd88fd9\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-2dd88fd9\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-58622d95\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-58622d95\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-c3bc1da989811abf71ef566b90e1c592\" style=\"color:#1a4454\">Intellectual Property Lawyers <span style=\"font-weight: 200;\"><strong>Team<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-defd13e7\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-defd13e7\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-73196bbc\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-286aca43\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-4f162a59\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-4f162a59\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-a882f3c7\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-a882f3c7\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-27d77866\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-a36d5767\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-a36d5767\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full hover-image hover-vanessa\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"752\" height=\"1000\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Vanessa-vert-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3453 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Vanessa-vert-1.png 752w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Vanessa-vert-1-226x300.png 226w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 752px) 100vw, 752px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 752px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 752\/1000;\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-6bae38ed\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-4ed88a5b7c6d37b3324d5e9ffb7a6de8 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/vanessa-bouchara\/\"><strong>Vanessa Bouchara<\/strong><\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/vanessa-bouchara\/\">Founding partner<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-ecdd04cd\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-ecdd04cd\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full hover-image hover-adele\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"751\" height=\"1000\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Ade\u0300le-MAIER-beige-2-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3518 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Ade\u0300le-MAIER-beige-2-1.png 751w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Ade\u0300le-MAIER-beige-2-1-225x300.png 225w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 751px) 100vw, 751px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 751px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 751\/1000;\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-6e37d879\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-4d1b7e16\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-d8263a22fff74530d7610c436cc3c190 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/adele-maier\/\"><strong>Adele Maier<\/strong><\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/our-team\/\">Partner<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-5c50e03f\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-5c50e03f\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full hover-image hover-louise\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"751\" height=\"1000\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Louise-LACROIX-vert-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3473 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Louise-LACROIX-vert-1.png 751w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Louise-LACROIX-vert-1-225x300.png 225w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 751px) 100vw, 751px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 751px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 751\/1000;\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-b4130add\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-795dbbad\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-b40b4d879ff378db2ae5f1569ae91993 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/en\/louise-lacroix\/\"><strong>Louise Lacroix<\/strong><\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/louise-lacroix\/\">Partner<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-5164331e\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-5164331e\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full hover-image hover-claire\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"376\" height=\"500\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/claireg.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13769 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/claireg.png 376w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/claireg-226x300.png 226w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 376px) 100vw, 376px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 376px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 376\/500;\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-93a281d4\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-db38e8d3\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-8120809e520690d4f83aad5717b5d103 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/claire\/\"><strong>Claire Benassar<\/strong><\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/claire\/\">Lawyer<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-1c4fe355\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-1c4fe355\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-c912b48a\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-93db65e8\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-e0dcc2e7\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-e0dcc2e7\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-53aa7dc8\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-53aa7dc8\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-e2940a9a\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-b0865a28\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-b0865a28\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full hover-image hover-gerard\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"376\" height=\"500\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/gerardv.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-14006 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/gerardv.png 376w, https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/gerardv-226x300.png 226w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 376px) 100vw, 376px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 376px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 376\/500;\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-10eaebf7\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-14ec59d4\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-68b709a353c299f44c005a5c90628200 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#1a4454\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/gerard-gabriel\/\"><strong>G\u00e9rard-Gabriel Lamoureux<\/strong><\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/gerard-gabriel\/\">of counsel<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-4c84e5d1\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-4c84e5d1\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-182f0f07\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-182f0f07\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-4c7f2c81\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-4c7f2c81\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-25652ab5\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-25652ab5\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What is&nbsp;is free riding? Parasitic competition consists of following in the footsteps of a competitor. It is constituted when a company tries to divert to its profit the notoriety or the efforts and investments of its competitor, without untying its purse. Such behavior may be reflected in practice, for example, by the use of packaging &#8230; <a title=\"Unfair competition\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/unfair-competition\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Unfair competition\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-9160","page","type-page","status-publish"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9160","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9160"}],"version-history":[{"count":23,"href":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9160\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19156,"href":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9160\/revisions\/19156"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cabinetbouchara.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9160"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}